缺氧条件下进水时间与溶解氧对底物贮存的影响

采用6个缺氧-好氧SBR反应器,考察了进水时间及溶解氧(DO)浓度对活性污泥系统中底物贮存的影响.缺氧进水条件下,进水时间的长短对底物贮存影响并不明显.进水时间由10min延长至60,90,120min时,各SBR系统内聚-β-羟基烷酸(PHA)贮存量依次小幅下降,最大差值为0.21mmolC/L, fPHB/HAc值在0.84~0.90范围内波动. 好氧曝气阶段控制低DO(0.5mg/L)运行比高DO(2.0mg/L)运行条件更有利于提高PHA的贮存量,90min进水时,高、低DO条件下PHA的平均合成量分别为3.1,5.0mmolC/L.而突然将进水时间90min缩短至10min,使得高、低DO系统中底物贮存量均增大,而高DO系统中底物贮存量的增长更为明显.     

啤酒废水同步脱氮除磷工艺启动研究

为了将短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水,通过改变序批式反应器(SBR)工艺运行方式,使活性污泥依次经历厌氧、好氧、缺氧3个阶段,控制ρ(MLSS)=4 700 mg/L、pH=7.5～8.0、DO=0.3～0.5 mg/L(好氧阶段)。反应器内短程硝化反硝化同步除磷效果明显,氨氮去除率大于90%,亚硝酸盐积累率大于85%,磷去除率大于98%。试验结果表明短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷可同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水。     

溶解氧对活性污泥胞内贮存物和除磷性能的影响

分别以乙酸钠和葡萄糖为碳源,通过间歇实验,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度对厌氧-缺氧-好氧序批式反应器中活性污泥胞内贮存物聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)、糖原和系统除磷性能的影响。实验表明:DO对以乙酸钠为碳源培养的胞内贮存物PHA和糖原影响较大,并影响污泥的除磷性能;对以葡萄糖为碳源培养的胞内物质影响较小,可能是因为细胞内存在其他类型的胞内贮存物。     

Effects of sludge retention time, carbon and initial biomass concentrations on selection process: From activated sludge to polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating cultures

Four sequence batch reactors (SBRs) fed by fermented sugar cane wastewater were continuously operated under the aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) mode with different configurations of sludge retention time (SRT), carbon and initial biomass concentrations to enrich polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulating mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) from municipal activated sludge. The stability of SBRs was investigated besides the enrichment performance. The microbial community structures of the enriched MMCs were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The optimum operating conditions for the enrichment process were: SRT of 5 days, carbon concentration of 2.52 g COD/L and initial biomass concentration of 3.65 g/L. The best enrichment performance in terms of both operating stability and PHA storage ability of enriched cultures (with the maximum PHA content and PHA storage yield (Y_PHA/S) of 61.26% and 0.68 mg COD/mg COD, respectively) was achieved under this condition. Effects of the SRT, carbon concentration and initial biomass concentration on the PHA accumulating MMCs selection process were discussed respectively. A new model including the segmentation of the enrichment process and the effects of SRT on each phase was proposed.     

全程自养脱氮工艺的研究

以悬浮填料床作为全程自养脱氮反应器，用不含有机碳的合成氨氮废水进行反应器的启动。系统的氨氮和总氮去除率分别达80％和60％左右。通过批式实验对全程自脱氮做进一步的研究。结果表明，通过控制反应器中DO的浓度，可以控制氨氧化和反硝化的比率；当DO为0.8mg/L时，氨氮几乎完全转化为氮气，氨氧化和反硝化在此时达到了动态平衡；在低DO情况下，氨氮和亚硝氮同时存在，氨氮和总氮的转化率都大幅度的提高，说明氨氮可以亚硝氮为电子受体，在无外加有机碳源的情况下进行反硝化。     

SBR反应器内短程硝化系统快速启动及影响因素研究

探讨了采用序批式反应器(SBR)快速启动自养短程硝化系统的方法,研究了溶解氧(DO)、pH、温度、外加有机碳源对自养短程消化系统的影响。以硝化污泥接种反应器(SBR),在纯自养条件下利用高浓度溶解氧1.0～1.6mg/L和中温(35±1)℃达到亚硝酸氮的快速积累。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为280～300mg/L,HRT为12h,控制pH值为7.5～8.5、温度在(28±1)℃、溶解氧浓度为0.8～1.2mg/L条件下,氨氮去除率达到90%以上,亚硝酸氮积累率高达95%。试验证明投加有机碳源(COD)50mg/L左右时,不会对短程硝化系统产生影响,且能实现较高氨氮去除率和稳定的亚硝酸氮积累率。     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器内同步短程硝化反硝化的控制

在序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)内,对进水COD较低的条件下,模拟生活污水的亚硝化及脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,缺氧时间、进水COD、NH44 -N浓度、pH值以及溶解氧对亚硝化过程有明显影响.在进水COD为100mg·L-1NH4 4-N浓度为50mg·L-1时,调控溶解氧、pH,出水的亚硝化率可到99.7%,总氮去除率可达66.4%,表明系统中发生了同步短程硝化反硝化.     

The nitritation performance of biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater under high dissolved oxygen

The objective of this study was to investigate the nitritation performance in a biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater.The reactor was operated in continuous feed mode from phases 1 to 3.The dissolved oxygen(DO)was controlled at 3.5–7 mg/L throughout the experiment.The biofilm reactor showed excellent nitritation performance after the inoculation of nitrifying sludge,with the hydraulic retention time being reduced from 24 to 7 hr.Above 90%nitrite accumulation ratio(NAR)was maintained in phase 1.Afterwards,nitratation occurred with the low NH_4~+–N concentration in the reactor.The improvement of NH_4~+–N concentration to 20–35 mg/L had a limited effect on the recovery of nitritation.However,nitritation recovered rapidly when sequencing batch feed mode was adopted in phase 4,with the effluent NH_4~+-N concentration above 7 mg/L.The improvement of ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB)activity and the combined inhibition effect of free ammonia(FA)and free nitrous acid(FNA)on the nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)were two key factors for the rapid recovery of nitritation.Sludge activity was obtained in batch tests.The results of batch tests had a good relationship with the long term operation performance of the biofilm reactor.     

DO对SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的影响研究

实验研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮城市污水处理工艺。试验结果表明:DO是影响SBBR工艺实现同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素,将DO控制在2.8～4.0mg/L的范围内,可以取得较好同步硝化反硝化效果,总氮去除率可达67%以上。通过好氧反应过程中溶解氧在生物膜内反应扩散模型以及扫描电镜对生物膜的形态结构观察,分析了SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化机理。SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化主要是由微环境引起的,生物膜在好氧条件下能创造缺氧微环境,DO浓度直接影响生物膜内部好氧区与缺氧区比例的大小,进而影响硝化和反硝化的效果。DO浓度升高,使氧传递能力增强,使生物膜内部原来的微环境由缺氧性转为好氧性;反之DO浓度降低,生物膜内部微环境倾向于向缺氧或厌氧发展。     

The role of glucose in developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Sequential batch reactors were operated to study the mechanism of developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) while feeding glucose as the dominant substrate. Initial results indicated that feeding glucose as the dominant substrate caused poor and un-stable EBPR performance, similar to the findings reported by other researchers. The operating procedures for the glucose system were modified to longer anaerobic reaction time, higher glucose concentration in the influent, and shorter aerobic reaction time with a limited DO level. The application of these modified procedures successfully established stable EBPR performance by using glucose as the major substrate. Batch experiments showed that glucose was immediately transported into the bacteria and stored as glycogen and that poly-β-hydroxyvalerate predominated poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) during the anaerobic phase. It was also observed that much lower levels of PO₄-P anaerobic release and PHA accumulation occurred in the glucose induced EBPR system than in the acetate induced EBPR system. It is hypothesized that glycogen might replace the essential energy role of polyphosphate under the anaerobic condition, which results in the deterioration of PO₄-P removal unless these modified operating procedures are applied.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

紫色非硫细菌的培养及处理酿酒废水的研究

从酿酒废水的活性污泥中分离、培养得到纯化的紫色非硫细菌01S菌株,并用其处理高浓度有机酿酒废水。结果表明,紫色非硫细菌在自然(或白炽灯)光照、pH值7.0、温度为28～30℃条件下生长良好,且能够明显降解酿酒废水,其COD的去除率达到82.2%左右。并探讨了该菌在两种不同条件下(光照厌氧和好氧黑暗)的降解效果,及其与DO值的关系。     

O池溶解氧水平对石化废水A/O工艺污染物去除效果和污泥微生物群落的影响

以实际石化废水为处理对象,研究溶解氧浓度对A/O反应器生物降解特性的影响.A、B两组反应器平行运行以进行对比,O段的溶解氧浓度分别控制在2~3 mg·L-1和5~6 mg·L-1.反应器稳定运行近半年的结果表明:在HRT为20 h时,A组反应器出水的COD(72.5 mg·L-1±14.8 mg·L-1)略高于B组(68.7 mg·L-1±14.6 mg·L-1),COD平均去除率分别为67.0%和68.8%;出水氨氮的平均浓度和去除率为0.8 mg·L-1和95%左右.出水的BOD5均低于5 mg·L-1.表明A/O反应器对有机物的生物降解比较彻底,溶解氧浓度对其没有显著影响.对O段污泥进行454高通量测序结果表明:变形菌门、浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌所占比例较高,在A、B组反应器中的比例分别为58.7%和59.2%、14.7%和12.7%以及10.8%和12.4%.高溶解氧运行的反应器B具有较高的菌群丰度和多样性,氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas、亚硝酸氧化菌Nitrospira和专性好氧菌如Planctomyces的比例较高.厌氧反硝化菌如Azospira和Acidovora在反应器A中的含量较高.在属的水平,鉴定出的Novosphingobium、Comamonas、Sphingobium和Altererythrobacter属细菌具有降解多环芳烃、氯代硝基苯、农药和石油化合物的功能,有利于石化废水的降解.     

SBR无厌氧段实现生物除磷

研究了SBR在模拟城市生活污水处理中的除磷效果.结果表明, SBR在进水后未经过传统除磷理论认为所必须的厌氧段而直接好氧曝气,废水中磷的浓度仍下降较快.在曝气时间为4h,进水COD浓度为400mg·L-1左右,反应过程中pH值7.0±0.2时,进水中TP浓度由15-20mg·L-1降到1mg·L-1以下,磷的去除效率达到90%以上.反应过程中传统的储能物质多β-羟基烷酸盐(PHA)基本保持不变且含量较低(PHA浓度在5mg·L-l左右),聚合磷酸盐(聚磷)在4h好氧阶段呈先下降后上升的趋势(好氧开始时聚磷含量为83.034mg· g-1,好氧1h时污泥中聚磷含量为79.980mg·g-1,好氧结束时聚磷含量为83.086mg·g-1),在0.5h沉淀和3.5h静置期内聚磷没有明显的水解现象.此研究表明在无厌氧段、无PHA合成而直接好氧曝气,聚磷菌亦能将废水中磷酸盐合成聚磷,通过排除富磷污泥而达到除磷目的,这和传统的理论与研究有所区别.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器处理禽畜养殖废水的研究

通过静态（10 d）和动态（105 d）两个阶段成功启动自行设计的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器,并进行了处理禽畜养殖场废水的研究。反应器运行稳定后,分别考察了溶解氧（DO）和水力停留时间（HRT）对一体化反应器运行性能的影响。结果表明,当供氧段DO为1.5 mg/L～2.0 mg/L以及HRT在22 h～26 h时,反应器运行效果良好;采用一体化反应器在常温18℃～30℃,供氧段DO为1.5 mg/L～2.0 mg/L,废水HRT约24h条件下处理某禽畜养殖场厌氧池出水,COD、NH4^＋-N和TN平均去除率分别为75.10%、85.77%、69.28%,脱氮效果明显,反应器氮容积负荷达0.14 kg/m^3.d。     

两种Anammox反应器性能的对比研究

固定床生物膜反应器和序批式反应器分别是废水处理中附着生长型和悬浮生长型反应器的典型代表 .对比研究表明 ,两种生物反应器的总氮容积去除潜力相当 (大约 1960mg·L- 1 ·d- 1 ) ,都明显优于传统硝化 反硝化工艺 ;在供试条件下 ,序批式反应器所需的启动时间 (3 0d)可比生物膜反应器 (4 0d)缩短 1 3 ;序批式反应器中的菌体积累量大于生物膜反应器 ;但序批式反应器抗基质浓度冲击和水力负荷冲击的能力弱于生物膜反应器     

SBR中反硝化聚磷菌的培养驯化研究

以某污水处理厂活性污泥作为种泥、生活污水作为原水,采用间歇反应器进行反硝化聚磷菌的培养驯化研究。结果表明,以进水-闲置-厌氧-缺氧-沉淀-排水的运行方式运行40d后,出水PO43--P的浓度稳定在0.2mg/L以下,去除率达95%;出水NH4+-N浓度稳定在8mg/L以下,去除率达90%。NO3--N的消耗量和PO43--P的吸收量呈线性关系,表明采用间歇反应器进行反硝化菌的培养驯化是可行的。     

一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器的优化及其稳定性研究

采用一体化厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器(120L)处理高氨氮废水,研究系统总氮去除负荷提高和稳定性的影响因素.长期试验结果表明:该一体化厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器的最大总氮去除负荷为1.1kg/(m³·d),影响反应器运行稳定性的主要因素有:游离氨浓度、溶解氧浓度、絮体污泥和颗粒污泥相对比例等.在一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器中保持AOB和Anammox活性的相互匹配是维持系统稳定运行的关键因素.大量淘洗絮体污泥会造成氨氧化活性降低和溶解氧升高,从而引起总氮去除负荷下降.限制反应器负荷增加的主要因素有:(1)污泥随出水流失,体系污泥浓度保持恒定;(2)受溶解氧影响AOB和Anammox活性不能同时提高;(3)传质效率难以进一步提高.试验中发现总氮去除负荷和曝气量之间具有很好的相关性,反应器负荷波动时通过调整曝气量来调控反应状态,有利于一体化工艺的稳定运行.     

不同电子受体驯化聚糖菌反硝化过程及N2O释放特性

利用序批式（sequencing batch reactor,SBR）生物反应器,采用厌氧-好氧运行方式,以乙酸钠为碳源,在控制进水P/COD<2/100条件下,成功实现了聚糖菌（glycogen accumulating organisms,GAOs）富集。缺氧初始阶段ρ（NO_x--N）为30.0 mg/L,经厌氧-缺氧驯化后,反硝化聚糖菌（denitrifuing GAOs,DGAOs）可利用聚-β-羟基脂肪酸酯（poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate,PHA）为内碳源进行反硝化,且分解利用的PHA中80%以上为聚-β-羟基丁酸酯（poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB）。高浓度NO₂-抑制DGAOs活性,厌氧PHA合成降低,且缺氧段PHA分解产生的能量较多地用于储存糖原（glycogen,Gly）。NO₃-和NO₂-还原过程中,PHA降解速率分别为19.28,10.02 mg/（g·h）,内源反硝化速率分别为3.32,2.29 mg/（g·h）,TN去除率达95%以上。随NO₂-/NO_x-增加,N₂O平均产率由29.1%增至59.0%。高浓度NO₂-对氧化亚氮还原酶（Nos）活性抑制作用以及Nos和亚硝态氮还原酶（Nir）之间的电子竞争过程,是导致NO₂-内源反硝化过程中N₂O大量释放的主要原因。