Analysis of the Henze precipitate from the blood cells of the ascidian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phallusia mammillata</Emphasis>

The Henze precipitate, a peculiar blue-green microparticulate obtained by lysis of the blood cells of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Protochordata), was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. The precipitate was collected from the Henze solution, an unstable red-brown product obtained by treating blood with distilled water, whose degradation yields a characteristic blue-green product. The microparticulates measured 50–100 µm in diameter and appeared irregular in shape. SEM examination showed smooth, roughly round boundaries. The microparticulate surface examined with AFM appeared as an irregular matrix formed by 70–320-nm-wide mammillate composites, including and embedding small (500–800 nm wide) crystal-like multilayered formations. X- ray analysis showed that the elements present in these same precipitates were mainly C, Si, Al and O. The microparticulate composition appeared close to those of natural waxes or lacquers, embedding amorphous silicates and/or other Si–Al components. The unusual occurrence of Si in ascidian blood and its role are discussed.     

Efficient removal of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction

Naphthalene-2-ol is a typical biologically recalcitrant pollutant in dye wastewater.Solvent extraction of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions using mixed solvents was investigated.Various extractants and diluents were evaluated,and the effects of volume ratio of extractant to diluent,initial p H,initial concentration of naphthalene-2-ol in aqueous solution,extraction time,temperature,volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase(O/A),stirring rate and extraction stages,on extraction efficiency were examined separately.Regeneration and reuse of the spent extractant were also investigated.Results showed that tributyl phosphate(TBP) achieved 98% extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol in a single stage extraction,the highest among the 12 extractants evaluated.Extraction efficiency was optimized when cyclohexane and n-octane were used as diluents.The solvent combination of 20% TBP,20% n-octanol and 60% cyclohexane(V/V) obtained the maximum extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol,99.3%,within 20 min using three cross-current extraction stages under the following extraction conditions:O/A ratio of 1:1,initial p H of 3,25°C and stirring rate of 150 r/min.Recovery of mixed solvents was achieved by using 15%(W/W) Na OH solution at an O:A ratio of 1:1 and a contact time of 15 min.The mixed solvents achieved an extraction capacity for naphthalene-2-ol stably higher than90% during five cycles after regeneration.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.     

Phylogenetic analysis and arsenate reduction effect of the arsenic-reducing bacteria enriched from contaminated soils at an abandoned smelter site

Microbial reduction of As(V)(i.e.,arsenate)plays an important role in arsenic(As)mobilization in aqueous environment.In this study,we investigated As(V)reduction characteristics of the bacteria enriched from the arsenic-contaminated soil at an abandoned smelter site.It was found that As(V)was completely reduced to As(III)(i.e.,arsenite)in 21 h.After 3-d incubation,a yellow solid was precipitated and the concentration of As(III)decreased sharply.After 150 h incubation,ca.65%of soluble arsenic was removed fro...     

膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的工艺

以P204+正庚烷为萃取剂,将中空纤维膜萃取技术用于处理水溶液中镉离子、锌离子.研究了两相流速、初始浓度及溶液pH等因素对传质系数和萃取率的影响,计算了膜萃取器的传质单元高度(HTU)_w,同时还研究了萃取剂的再生问题.实验结果表明,在低浓度下(＜500 mg/L),平衡分配系数较大,传质阻力主要是在水相;在初始浓度较高时(＜2000mg/L),由于分配系数较小,三项传质阻力均不可忽略;在初始浓度很高时(＞2000mg/L),传质由有机相和膜相阻力控制.实验还表明通过膜器串联可以实现萃取剂的再生.对于稀溶液(＜200mg/L),中空纤维膜萃取可以使水溶液中金属离子浓度减小2个数量级,通过计算,中空纤维膜萃取器(HTU)_w在15～30cm之间,大大低于传统的萃取塔.     

Recovery of molybdenum, phosphorus and arsenic fromleaching solution of molybdenum residues by solvent extraction with primary amine and tributylphosphate

Ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｍｏｌｙｂｄｅｎｕｍ，ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓａｎｄａｒｓｅｎｉｃｆｒｏｍｌｅａｃｈｉｎｇｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｏｌｙｂｄｅｎｕｍｒｅｓｉｄｕｅｓｂｙｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｐｒｉｍａｒｙａｍｉｎｅａｎｄｔｒｉｂｕｔ...     

Analysis of semi-volatile organics in aqueous process streams using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography

Analysis of aqueous streams contaminated with complex organic mixtures commonly used in industrial processes can be problematic. In this study, we describe the development of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) headspace extraction technique in combination with gas chromatography (GC) to measure the leakage of n-decanol and Exxsol® D-110 (commercial solvent containing primarily napthenes and paraffins) into aqueous streams. These streams were derived from a continuous liquid membrane separator for the removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from industrial effluents. In one stream that was dilute in Cr(VI) at pH 2–3, a method giving good results for n-decanol analysis involved the addition of n-octanol as an internal standard to GC calibration standards and test samples prior to SPME extraction with the appropriate adjustment of pH. The addition of 20 w/w% NaCl as an additional solute to all standards and test samples with pH adjustment was found to be successful for quantitative determination of Exxsol® D-110. In a second stream that was strongly alkaline and more concentrated in Cr(VI), GC calibration using standards containing NaOH and 300–500 ppm Cr(VI) gave satisfactory results for quantitative determination of both species.     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of > 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

Diatomaceous silica filter aid filtration for the effectiveseparation of colloidal Cr(OH)3 precipitatefrom tanning wastewater

ＤｉａｔｏｍａｃｅｏｕｓｓｉｌｉｃａｆｉｌｔｅｒａｉｄｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｌｌｏｉｄａｌＣｒ（ＯＨ）＿３ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｅｆｒｏｍｔａｎｎｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒＺｈａｏＹｏｕｃａｉ；Ｘ...     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of >96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除

研究了钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,钢渣蒙脱石质量比为1∶1的复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附效果优于钢渣及蒙脱石对Cd2+的单一吸附.当温度为25℃,废水pH=6~7时,1.2 g钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对100 mL Cd2+溶液(100 mg·L-1)吸附60 min后,Cd2+的去除率可达到96.99%.钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对镉离子的吸附反应符合二级动力学方程,可决系数为0.9991;符合Langmuir方程,可决系数为0.9725.对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为12.45 mg·g-1.溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+的存在会降低复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附量,且Cd2+受Cu2+的影响较大.吸附饱和的钢渣-蒙脱石颗粒材料用1 mol·L-1的氯化钠溶液再生效果好.     

Transfer kinetics of phenol between aqueous phase and N,N-di(1-methyl-heptyl) acetamide in kerosene

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｆｏｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｉｇｈｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｐｈｅｎｏｌ(Ｋｏｒｅｍａｎ,1978;Ｌａｎｏｕｅｔｔ?..     

防晒剂对氨基苯甲酸在硝酸根溶液中的光解研究

以氙灯为模拟太阳光光源,研究了防晒剂分子对氨基苯甲酸（PABA）在硝酸根溶液中的光解,探讨了pH值、硝酸根离子的浓度和天然水体中广泛存在的腐殖质浓度对防晒剂PABA光解速率的影响.结果表明,PABA在硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合一级动力学规律,PABA的光化学反应速率随硝酸根离子浓度的提高显著增大,其速率常数可由0.00...     

苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

微囊藻毒素的提取和提纯研究

对采自云南滇池水华蓝藻细胞中的微囊藻毒素 (Microcystins,MCs)的提取与提纯方法进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在藻细胞干重浓度为 2 0g·L-1下 ,与不同甲醇浓度提取液相比 ,4 0 %甲醇溶液可以最有效地从藻细胞中提取出MC RR和MC LR .将MCs提取液过Waters固相萃取小柱后 ,用 70 %甲醇溶液洗脱吸附于柱上的MCs ,可以分别获得 7 3%和 3 5 %纯度的MC RR和MC LR .通过观察洗脱液的颜色变化 ,收集蓝绿色和橘黄色后面流出的基本无色的洗脱液 ,可以获得纯度为 2 8 6 %和12 9%的MC RR和MC LR .     

Prenatal diagnosis of tetrasomy 12p by in situ hybridization: Varying levels of mosaicism in different fetal tissues

Prenatal diagnosis of tetrasomy 12p is complicated by the discrimination of the 12p isochromosome from the duplication 21q as well as the level of mosaicism demonstrated in the particular tissue sampled. In this disease, a high percentage of chromosomally abnormal cells are generally found in fibroblastic cells, but lymphocyte karyotypes from the same individual may be normal. We report on the pregnancy of a 37-year-old female who presented to our centre at 16 weeks' gestation for genetic amniocentesis. Sonography of the fetus revealed dextrocardia and diaphragmatic hernia. Chromosome analysis of amniocytes demonstrated mosaicism of a 47,XY,+i(12p) line in 80 per cent of cells and a normal male line (20 per cent), consistent with the Pallister-Killian syndrome. Following termination, a 220 g male fetus of 18 weeks was examined. A flattened nose and low-set ears were noted. In situ hybridization with a chromosome 12 centromeric probe in lymphocytes and skin cells unequivocally confirmed the karyotype and showed the presence of a single centromere in the abnormal chromosome, suggesting a true isochromosome. Chromosome analysis of various fetal tissues was performed and the following percentages of abnormal cells were found: skin 100 per cent, chorion 50 per cent, placenta 30 per cent, and blood 80 per cent. The high frequency of tetrasomic cells in fetal blood at this early gestational age is noteworthy, since most reports of this syndrome show a very low percentage of abnormal cells postnatally.     

桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附性能研究

桐油加工过程中的副产品——桐壳由于含碳量高,可作为制备活性炭的理想原料之一,这是农林固废资源化综合利用的有效途径。本文考察了桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附规律,以及在不同吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、活性炭投加量、溶液pH值等条件下,桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附性能,希望能为桐壳的资源化综合利用及含苯胺废水的净化处理提供参考价值。     

Effects of amine, amine salt and amide on the behaviour of carbon dioxide absorption into calcium hydroxide suspension to precipitate calcium carbonate

The amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） absorption and calcium ion （Ca^2＋） concentration besides the pH of aqueous solution were observed during the COz absorption to precipitate calcium carbonate （CaCO3） from calcium hydroxide （Ca（OH）2）. A reaction rate-limiting effect of an amount of CO2 absorption without any organic additives in the early stage of the precipitation was observed, which was attributed to an interruption effect of bicarbonate ion （HCO3） on the precipitation of CaCO3. The improvement for the reaction rate was achieved not only by amine additives but also by neutral additives such as ε-caprolactam or amine salt. When the hexamethylene diamine was dissolved in the solution, successive change of crystal forms of CaCO3 aragonite to calcite in aqueous suspensions, confirmed by Ca^2＋ concentration change and X-ray diffraction, was concluded that a local environment around the amine group in aqueous solution and an interaction of the diamine with precipitated CaCO3 particles were important factors for these reactions.     

Significantly higher number of fetal cells in the maternal circulation of women with pre-eclampsia

Although the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia is unknown, several studies have indicated that abnormal placentation early in pregnancy might play a key role. It has recently been suggested that this abnormal placentation may result in transfusion of fetal cells (feto-maternal transfusion) in women with pre-eclampsia. In the present study, fetal nucleated red blood cells were isolated from 20 women with pre-eclampsia and 20 controls using a very efficient magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) protocol. The number of male cells was determined using two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for X and Y chromosomes. Significantly more XY cells could be detected in women with pre-eclampsia (0.61±1.2 XY cells/ml blood) compared to women with uncomplicated pregnancies (0.02±0.04 XY cells/ml blood) (Mann–Whitney U-test, p<0.001). These results suggest that fetal cell trafficking is enhanced in women with pre-eclampsia, and this finding may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques,including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.