企业环境信息公开与政府监管策略的演化博弈分析

由于企业与消费者、投资者、政府等利益相关者之间存在着信息不对称,而真实的企业环境信息是利益相关者做出决策的必要前提,所以具有良好环境行为的企业愿意公开真实的环境信息,但同时也会使不具有良好环境行为的企业有动机公开虚假的环境信息以谋取额外收益,进而导致企业环境信息的信号传递失效。针对此问题,本文考虑了相关主体的有限理性特征,构建了企业是否真实公开环境信息与政府监管行为交互的演化模型,分析了不同参数的变化对系统演化结果的影响,并通过数值实验模拟了不同初始状态和参数设置下的系统演化过程,得出了一定的结论。研究表明:初始状态时的政府监管概率、政府的监管成本、对企业公开虚假环境信息的惩罚、政府选择监管策略的收益、企业真实公开环境信息的收益和企业的伪装效果系数对系统的演化结果具有重要影响,通过政策手段对这些参数进行调控可以引导系统向良好模式演化,使企业公开真实的环境信息,达到环境信息的信号传递作用。     

新闻媒体环保监督视角下环境污染治理演化博弈

为督促政府严格履行环境监管职责,应引入新闻媒体,与政府、企业共同参与污染治理。本文使用演化博弈理论通过构建博弈支付矩阵,研究不同情形下政府与企业间、新闻媒体与政府间的演化稳定策略（ESS）,探究新闻媒体监督对环境污染治理的影响,并通过数值算例对演化结果进行验证。演化过程及数值仿真结果表明：①对企业、政府而言,当某种策略的期望利润始终更大时,其决策过程将不受另一方与新闻媒体策略的影响,且此时存在ESS;②新闻媒体进行环保监督一定程度上能促进企业和政府组成的系统向优良状态演化,但新闻媒体是否进行环保监督受政府对环境监管程度的影响,取决于报道成本和预期收益的大小;③政府的作用举足轻重,增大单位环境税额和处罚力度能促使企业合法减排,而对其不严格监管可能使环境质量恶化。因此,为促进环境质量改善,需不断推动环保理念传播,设法降低企业减排成本和政府监管成本,扩大新闻媒体监督职责范围,提高其监督的主动性,并对政府增加生态环境保护维度考核。     

基于演化博弈视角的矿产资源开发生态补偿问题研究

从演化博弈视角探讨矿产资源开发企业生态补偿与政府监管之间的策略选择,首先通过建立双方的演化博弈模型,分析了相关的策略选择演化规律,得出不同情况下的演化稳定策略;其次,运用MATLAB对动态策略演化进行仿真分析。研究发现:降低政府监管成本,提高监管收益,有助于加大对补偿企业的监管力度;在政府监管的约束下,增加对生态补偿企业的补贴,提升企业生态补偿收益并降低生态补偿成本,可激励企业开展生态补偿工作。最后给出了相关政策建议。     

公共参与影响城市综合生态系统管理问题研究——以城市水定价为例

公共参与日益影响着一个城市的综合生态系统管理。水资源,作为生态系统的要素之一,其可持续利用与人们生活息息相关。本文以城市水定价为例,对公共参与影响成都水定价问题进行了分析,得出以下结论:(1)物价局应与水务企业保持绝对的独立,以保证听证流程的合法性与可信性;(2)生活用水和特殊行业用水水价调整听证会要引入公众监督机制;(3)应设定一定标准以保证代表的代表能力;(4)水价听证会要保证其他利益相关方的利益。     

资源枯竭型矿区土地置换行为动态演化分析

明晰资源枯竭型矿区土地置换主体的行为诉求方式,是指导矿区土地功能性退出和高效利用的关键问题。将矿业企业与政府之间的土地置换行为作为研究客体,运用演化博弈理论构建了政企博弈两阶段复制动态模型。模型求解表明:1双方均对高收益策略具有模仿倾向,但利益均衡是两者土地置换行为发生的前提条件和必然要求;2有限理性的博弈主体在矿区土地置换过程中总是根据既得利益不断学习和动态调整自己的策略,从而使所得利益得到改善;3监督成本、额外收益和惩罚成本是影响博弈主体演化稳定的关键因素,它们之间的相互制衡对实现政企土地置换的稳定状态具有重要作用。研究结果科学地揭示了资源枯竭矿区土地置换瓶颈的成因,为政府制定资源型城市转型土地利用政策提供科学依据。     

基于第三方检测机构的食品安全共治演化博弈分析

食品安全监管问题的演化过程,本质上是利益主体博弈的过程。将第三方检测机构纳入分析框架,采用演化博弈模型分析食品利益主体之间的博弈选择进化稳定策略的条件与关键影响要素。通过与一元主体现实情境下政府模式监管的对比分析,揭示相关主体的策略选择行为与稳定状态。研究结果表明:在食品安全监管博弈过程中,利益机制运行博弈矩阵的相互作用呈现出不同的利益博弈演化策略。食品企业主要利用柠檬市场信息不对称造成的信息交易成本差别提升自身的利润效能;政府监管部门通过完善奖励惩罚机制提高食品的安全监管效能;食品第三方检测机构主要整合企业部门中存在的自愿监督机制,基于承担社会成本的新思路,达到政府—企业—第三方检测机构的演化稳定均衡,从而实现食品安全的社会共治。     

供给侧改革背景下地方政府合作扶贫路径演化研究——基于创新知识投入

在供给侧结构性改革背景下,基于创新知识投入这一视角,选择我国地方政府合作扶贫行为作为研究对象,在有限理性的前提下,运用演化博弈理论构建了地方政府合作扶贫演化博弈模型,并在此基础上集中探讨了3种情形下政府合作扶贫行为路径演化轨迹,最后利用数值仿真方法研究了影响博弈系统合作稳定性的因素。结果表明:合作双方的策略选择不但与合作双方构建的博弈支付矩阵密切相关,而且还与支付矩阵的初始参数设置有关;收益系数、成本系数、风险系数是影响合作双方策略选择的重要因素,增大收益系数、减小成本系数和风险系数都有利于合作双方共同展开合作活动,达成合作共识。     

土地征收中农民与地方政府的利益博弈分析

农民由于对征地补偿不满而与地方政府产生冲突,以此为前提构造两者之间的演化博弈模型,对其博弈行为进行分析,讨论最终的演化稳定策略,并进行仿真分析,以说明如何达到理想的演化稳定策略解决征地冲突。通过博弈分析表明,对利益冲突的解决需要通过利益协商而非强制手段;博弈的关键在于地方政府如何根据被征地农民争取征地补偿的成本和对补偿的预期来确定合理的征地补偿增量;相对于农民争取征地补偿的成本而言,较高的征地补偿增量并不能解决利益冲突问题,很有可能适得其反,征地补偿增量接近或稍低才有可能达到理想的演化稳定结果。建议在土地征收中,地方政府应积极与农民沟通协商,拓宽农民的申诉渠道,充分了解农民的利益诉求;制定科学合理的土地补偿计算方法,公平分配征地收益。     

环境分权下央地企协同减排策略演化——基于区块链技术应用视角

环境分权下，地方政府及控排企业的机会主义行为制约着降碳目标实现，而区块链技术提供了一种可信、高效的协同减排环境。为此，本研究构建了以控排企业、地方政府和中央政府为主体的演化博弈模型，探索区块链技术投入前后的协同减排策略；并借助数值仿真研究了区块链技术的监管影响系数、应用成本及地方支出系数对系统演化路径的影响。结果显示：区块链技术投入缩短了减排系统的趋稳时间；监管影响系数与中央政府对区块链技术投入的支持程度、地方及控排企业的减排参与意愿呈正相关；区块链平台应用成本与地方政府减排参与意愿呈负相关，地方支出系数与中央政府对区块链技术投入的支持程度呈正相关，且均存在最优调控区间。因此，应积极开展区块链监管试点，引导、扶持企业绿色转型，强化中央督察职能，转变地方政府发展理念，保障减排政策落地和区域经济高质量转型。     

供销合作社合作行为演化博弈及其稳定性分析——以“振兴乡村经济”战略背景为视角

如何深化供销合作社改革、促进供销合作社合作、提升为农服务水平、振兴乡村经济,是当前我国政府面临的一项艰巨挑战。在"振兴乡村经济"战略背景下,选取两供销合作社为博弈主体,在有限理性的前提下,利用演化博弈的相关知识,构建了供销合作社合作行为演化博弈模型,对供销合作社的合作行为及其稳定性进行了研究,并对影响系统稳定性的相关因素进行了分析。结果表明:在一定范围内,增加超额收益、减少合作成本、加大政府项目资金投资、增加违约补偿金、收益分配和成本分摊的合理设定有利于促进供销合作社之间的稳定合作。根据研究结论对政府及相关部门提出建议,以期为新形势下供销合作社的深化改革提供借鉴。     

建设节水型社会,保障城市水资源可持续利用

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，城市水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐。与此同时，由于人们节水意识不强、水资源浪费严重以及城市供水价格不合理、水资源管理体制不完善等因素的存在，致使水环境恶化趋势日益严重。针对城市水资源现状与存在的问题，应加强对城市水资源有效管理和保护的措施：强化水资源统一管理，改革水资源管理体制；优化环境，保护水资源；利用价格机制应对水资源浪费问题衍4用科技手段，大力推进节水技术的发展；积极提高中国水环境发展的公众参与意识。     

再生水回用公众参与意愿两阶段影响因素分析

污水再生利用是减少水体污染、缓解水资源供需矛盾和促进城市经济社会可持续发展的重要途径,但公众的偏见和排斥严重制约再生水处理技术的推广和发展。本文整合技术接受拓展模型和技术准备度理论,构建公众参与再生水回用意愿影响因素模型,运用结构方程模型和人工神经网络进行两阶段实证检验。研究表明：感知有用性和感知易用性对公众参与再生水回用意愿有显著正向影响;便利条件和主观规范分别对感知易用性和感知有用性起显著提升作用;技术准备度的消极因素极大地阻碍了公众再生水回用意愿的提升。基于上述结论,本文提出提升宣传的有效性,完善城市再生水配套设施及相关激励政策,联合社区、学校、企业等平台协同推进再生水处理技术推广工作等对策建议,为政府制定科学有效的干预政策,引导公众使用再生水提供重要的理论参考和实践指导。     

Residential Demand for Water in the Chicago Metropolitan Area1

Mieno, Taro and John B. Braden, 2011. Residential Demand for Water in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):713‐723. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00536.x Abstract: This paper provides the first contemporary analysis of residential water demand in humid Northeastern Illinois, in the vicinity of Chicago, and explores seasonal and income‐based differentials in the responsiveness of water use to water prices. Using a panel of system‐level data for eight water systems and controlling for seasons, weather, incomes, and community characteristics, the analysis yields low estimates of price elasticity of demand for water in line with other studies. Furthermore, price response is greater in summer and less in higher income communities. We suggest that use of seasonal pricing can help mitigate equity issues arising from differential income elasticities while taking advantage of the greater price responsiveness of summertime water use.     

Water saving effect on integrated water resource management

This study proposes an improved integrated water resource management (IWRM), in which water conservation was analyzed for the entire water use process. A multi-objective optimization method was applied to optimize the IWRM, which investigated the reduction of freshwater consumption and the total water supply cost. Customer's preference for saving water and an end use analysis (EUA) was applied in the water conservation analysis. Taking Tianjin as the study area, a reduction in customer's economic pressure (EP) was utilized to evaluate the degree of the customer's preference for saving water. The results revealed that agriculture had a greater preference for saving water than other sectors, where as the public had the weakest motivation for saving water. Improving the transportation method could contribute 62.1% of the total water savings in the agriculture sector. The optimization of the IWRM demonstrated that the local freshwater savings would be 21.5%, and the total cost for water supplies would decrease by 13%. However, a government subsidy of 87.5 million Yuan would be needed. Additionally, by analyzing the change in the amount of water savings affected by water price, the appropriate water price increase range was suggested to be 1.5–1.7 times the original price.     

WATER PRICE RESPONSIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Pricing policy in water allocation has become of more concern as some areas find water is indeed a scarce resource. Demand estimates, where the quantity purchased-value in use relationships are of concern, have been made in other studies for residential, industrial, and agricultural uses in many areas of the country. The price-quantity relations for water use in commercial firms are estimated and discussed for several different types of stores in this study. A derived demand model is used to estimate commercial demand in the Miami, Florida, area. The price elasticity was generally low (inelastic) for all groups studied except for department stores. This group was found to have an elastic demand for water at all prices above $0.93 per thousand gallons purchased per month, where the mean price for this part of the sample was $1.24. The major implication of the study is that commercial establishments may be responsive to price changes over the long run, much as has already been shown for other types of user groups in other studies.     

Estimating the Relative Efficiency of Brazilian Publicly and Privately Owned Water Utilities: A Stochastic Cost Frontier Approach1

Abstract: This paper assesses cost efficiencies of Brazilian public and private companies of water supply. To measure the efficiency, we used a stochastic frontier model derived from the translog family – a specification similar to a Cobb‐Douglas including a quadratic term in log output. The model parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood using Brazilian data for the year 2002. Statistical inference leads to the conclusion that there is no evidence that private firms and public firms are significantly different in terms of efficiency measurements.     

Informal privatisation of community taps: issues of access and equity

On the basis of a detailed case study this paper questions the equity of centralised piped drinking water supply systems installed by the government of Nepal in rural areas. The study shows how processes of socio-technical interaction and change alter the physical water supply infrastructure of the installed public water supply system, simultaneously altering patterns of access to taps and water. The analysis suggests that this happens through a process of “informal privatisation”, with community taps becoming appropriated by individuals over time, cutting off some families from their access to community tap water while reinforcing the water security of others. This process is deeply shaped by prevailing relations of power and cultural difference along axes of gender, caste and wealth.     

Electricity price and Southern California’s water supply options

This paper evaluates the impact of fluctuating electricity prices on the cost of five options to increase the water supply to urban areas in Southern California—new surface storage, water purchases, desalination, wastewater recycling, and conservation.We show that the price of electricity required to produce and transport water influences the cost of water supply options and may alter the decision makers economic ranking of these options. When electricity prices are low, water purchase is the cost effective option. When prices exceed US$ 86/MWh, conservation of electricity and water through installation of high efficiency clothes washers is the most effective option.     

A GAME THEORY APPROACH TO DECIDING WHO WILL SUPPLY INSTREAM FLOW WATER1

ABSTRACT: The resource management problem for the Middle Platte ecosystem is the insufficient water available to meet both instream ecological demands and out‐of‐stream economic needs. This problem of multiple interest groups competing for a limited resource is compounded by sharp disagreement in the scientific community over endangered species' needs for instream flows. In this study, game theory was used to address one dimension of this resource management problem. A sequential auction with repeated bidding was used to determine how much instream flow water each of three states — Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming — will provide and at what price. The results suggest that the use of auction mechanisms can improve the prospects for reaching a multi‐state agreement on who will supply instream flow water, if the auction is structured to discourage misrepresentation of costs and if political compensation is allowed.     

REUSE OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT The profitability of reusing agricultural drainage water for crop production depends on the salt tolerance of the crop being grown the salt concentration of the drainage water, the cost of obtaining it and price of good water. In the this paper the economics of drainwater resue is examined for six crops in two areas of southern California. The results suggest that drainwater reuse is not profitable for the fruit and vegetable crops considered but is profitable for the field crops considered when the price of good water is relatively high and cost of obtaining the draingage water is low.