土壤-植物系统中的碘与碘缺乏病防治

碘是人和动物必需的微量元素之一。碘缺乏将导致甲状腺肿、克汀病等疾病的发生。文章综述了土壤中碘的来源，碘质量分数和形态，影响土壤碘有效性的因素，植物体内碘的质量分数和分布，不同形态的碘对植物生长的影响，碘毒害等方面的研究进展；最后提出防治碘缺乏病的有效措施。     

连续年龄序列桉树人工林土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素

对连续年龄序列(2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、6 a)桉树人工林土壤三种微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn)的含量及其影响因素进行了分析,探讨了土壤微量元素含量随林分年龄的变化规律.土壤养分之间的相关性分析表明,所有年龄阶段的桉树人工林中土壤Fe、Mn、Zn含量与土壤pH值之间呈极显著的正相关,说明土壤微量元素含量强烈受土壤酸度的影响.土壤三种微量元素含量与土壤全K、全ca、全Mg等大量养分元素含量之间均存在显著或极显著的正相关,而与土壤有机C、全N、全P的相关性不明显(0～20 cm表层土壤的Zn除外).总的来说,土壤微量元素含量随桉树人工林年龄的增加呈下降趋势,其中6 a生桉树人工林各土壤层(0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm)的Fe、Mn、Zn含量分别比2a生林分下降13.7%～21.8%、55.6%～57.2%和71.0%～73.2%.在当前桉树人工林种植方式下,随着林分年龄的增加,应增施有机、无机肥和Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素肥料,以有效控制土壤地力衰退和实现桉树人工林可持续经营.     

福建丰产荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的研究

与我国红壤平均水平相比，福建丰产荔枝园土壤有效态锌、钼及水溶态硼含量较高，而活性锰及有效铜含量较低；土壤全锌、锰、钢量亦较低。在土壤ｐＨ４．５４—８．７６时，ｐＨ值与有效态钼含量呈较显著正相关，而与代换态锰、水溶态硼、有效态铁含量呈显著或极显著负相关。本文初步提出福建荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的适宜指标，可供土壤营养诊断及平衡施肥之参考。     

农牧交错带草地植被土壤氮磷比季节动态及相关分析

近年来,典型草原面临严重的退化和沙化,草地生产力低下。了解典型草原植被土壤养分季节动态,尤其是植被土壤N:P的季节变化,有助于指示植被缺素状态。因此,以北方农牧交错带典型草原为研究对象,探讨植物-土壤N:P比季节变化,并分析植物土壤N:P比之间的关系,调查草地群落地上生物量的月动态变化,为合理利用与科学管理草原提供理论依据。结果表明,随着生长季温度的升高和降雨量的增加,草地植物群落地上生物量也不断增加,在8月份达到峰值后开始下降。植物N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤N、P质量分数和N:P的变化情况与植物相似,表现为土壤总N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而总N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P=0.0008)。就土壤有效N、P质量分数和N:P的动态变化来看,土壤有效N质量分数随生长季的推进显著下降(P0.01),而有效P也具有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);但有效N、P质量分数及其N:P均与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。植物N:P与土壤总N:P呈显著正相关关系(r~2=0.42,P=0.026),而与土壤有效N:P呈极显著负相关关系(r~2=0.62,P0.01),且与有效N:P的相关性更高。综上所述,土壤总N:P和有效N:P均可反映植物N:P的情况,土壤有效N:P能更好地反映植物的缺素状态。     

长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征

为探讨长期施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化及其与土壤肥力的关系,该文对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明.土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰.土壤脲酶在玉米拔节期及成熟期出现两个活性高峰,土壤蔗糖酶在整个玉米生育期内活性变化幅度较小.长期施肥能明显提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,其中有机肥与化肥配施对于增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著.长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性.并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大.土壤酶之问及其与土壤养分因子之间具有明显相关性,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶及磷酸酶与土壤养分各因子均呈显著或极显著正相关,除碱解氮外,过氧化氢酶与其余各养分因子呈显著或极显著负相关.     

化橘红产地土壤中量微量元素分布及其与化橘红药用有效成份的相关关系

研究了化橘红 (Citrus grandis var. tomentosa Hort.)产地土壤中量、微量元素的分布特征及其与化橘红药用有效成份黄酮类有机化合物的相关关系.结果表明,化橘红产地多数采样点的土壤有效铜、锌、锰、硼、钼含量处于中-低-很低水平;化橘红幼果中的黄酮类、柚皮苷含量与其叶片中的锰含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤有效铜、有效硫含量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.前者说明化橘红叶片中的锰对其幼果中黄酮类、柚皮苷的形成可能存在生理作用,后者则反映了土壤中有效铜、有效硫对化橘红吸收土壤锰的协同作用.因此,化橘红产地应适当施用铜、锰等微量元素肥料.     

西南亚高山冬瓜杨和峨眉冷杉吸收根特征

植物的吸收根是植物从土壤中获取资源的重要器官,其快速周转在生态系统碳循环和养分循环中充当着重要作用,而且其形态特征也反映了植物根系对地下资源利用策略的异同.以海螺沟冰川末端原生演替后期非顶极落叶阔叶林优势物种冬瓜杨(Populus purdomii)和顶极的暗针叶林群落优势物种峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)作为研究对象,采用土钻法获取两种优势物种的吸收根,分别测定两个优势树种的吸收根形态特征及对应的林下土壤养分含量、温度和湿度.结果显示:(1)两个森林群落林下的土壤温湿度差异不显著,但峨眉冷杉群落土壤总氮、有效氮、有效磷、铵态氮及硝态氮显著高于冬瓜杨群落;(2)峨眉冷杉的总根长、根长密度、比根长和比表面积显著低于冬瓜杨,平均根直径、总根体积和生物量密度显著高于冬瓜杨;(3)冗余分析表明,冬瓜杨和峨眉冷杉的部分吸收根形态特征和土壤养分存在着正相关性,其中冬瓜杨林下土壤有效氮、总磷分别和冬瓜杨根长密度、根比表面积呈显著正相关,峨眉冷杉林下土壤有效氮和峨眉冷杉吸收根平均直径呈显著正相关.上述研究结果说明土壤中氮和有效磷养分显著不同可能是造成冬瓜杨和峨眉冷杉吸收根形态特征差异的重要因素.(图3表1参46)     

柠檬酸对土壤养分的活化及对作物吸收Fe、P的影响

土壤pH值是影响石灰性土壤Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素有效性的重要因素，利用土壤培养法，研究了不同浓度柠檬酸溶液对石灰性土壤的pH值以及对P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的活化效应。结果表明，浓度高于0．001mol／L的柠檬酸溶液培养土壤，可降低土壤pH值，增加土壤有效P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的质量分数。培养24h后，P、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效养分质量分数最高，随着培养时间的延长，有效养分的质量分数下降，活化效果减弱，土壤表现出一定的钝化效应。利用盆栽模拟滴灌施肥条件，柠檬酸溶液处理可显著促进花生、菜豆植株的生长，叶片SPAD读数增加，并提高植株对P、Fe元素的吸收量，因此滴灌施肥条件下，可考虑使用柠檬酸增加石灰性土壤根区微量元素的有效性。     

几种耕作土壤钾交换特性的研究

本文研究了三组不同粘土矿物组成的耕作土壤钾素的交换特性,结果表明,供试土壤的钾交换选择性系数(K_c)与交换性钾比率(EPR)呈极显著的负相关,相关系数变化于-0.86至-0.95之间,且K_c因EPR的增加而趋于恒值。以伊利石、蛭石占优势的第一组土壤和以伊利石为主、高岭石为次的第二组土壤的K_c趋于恒值时的EPR明显高于以高岭石为主、伊利石为次的第三组土壤。三组土壤的钾吸附比率(PAR)与EPR均呈极显著的正相关,相关系数变化于0.94至0.98之间。土壤钾交换选择性的强弱因粘土矿物组成、粘粒含量和初始交换性钾饱和度的不同而表现出如下趋势:第一组土壤>第二组土壤>第三组土壤。     

山东省主要果园土壤中Cu、Zn的形态、含量及分布

对我国山东省主要果园土壤中的Cu、Zn元素的形态、含量及分布进行了研究。结果表明 :果园土壤中Cu、Zn元素的全量高于一般粮田土壤。在不同土壤类型中 ,形态分布各具特点 ,Cu元素在棕壤和褐土中的形态分布趋势一致 ,为矿物态 >有机态 >沉淀态 >交换态 ,在潮土和砂姜黑土中一致 ,为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态 ;而Zn元素在这 4种土壤中的分布趋势相同 ,均为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态。土壤中交换态的Cu、Zn含量随土壤pH值的增大而减小。Cu、Zn某些形态的含量与土壤中全量间有一定的相关性 ,其中沉淀态Cu与总Cu的关系较为紧密 ,2者呈极显著相关 ;矿物态Zn与总Zn也呈极显著相关。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Conservation and the 4 Rs,which are rescue,rehabilitation, release,and research

Vertebrate animals can be injured or threatened with injury through human activities, thus warranting their “rescue.” Details of wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, release, and associated research (our 4 Rs) are often recorded in large databases, resulting in a wealth of available information. This information has huge research potential and can contribute to understanding of animal biology, anthropogenic impacts on wildlife, and species conservation. However, such databases have been little used, few studies have evaluated factors influencing success of rehabilitation and/or release, recommended actions to conserve threatened species have rarely arisen, and direct benefits for species conservation are yet to be demonstrated. We therefore recommend that additional research be based on data from rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals that is broader in scope than previous research and would have community support.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.