邓楠理事长在中国可持续发展研究会2007年学术年会上的致辞

各位代表、各位来宾： 大家好! 首先，我代表中国可持续发展研究会对参加2007年学术年会的嘉宾、专家与学者表示热烈的欢迎，向多年来支持和致力于研究会工作的各界领导、各位同仁表示衷心的感谢!     

沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价研究——以上海浦东新区为例

沿海城市在全球发展中具有重要的战略地位，然而特殊的地理位置和高度集中的人口及财富也决定了其面临灾害具有较高的脆弱性，即同等灾害强度下，沿海城市遭遇自然灾害时的人口伤亡更多、经济损失更大。从灾害系统承灾体的角度，分析影响灾害脆弱性的基础设施、城市形态与结构和灾害管理体制等5个方面，顺应脆弱性评价定量化的趋势，依据一定的原则，不分灾种，面对区域和人群，选取代表性指标尝试构建了沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性的评价指标体系，利用AHP法对该区域相应指标的权重进行确定，建立了脆弱性模型，并在收集和标准化数据的基础上，以上海市浦东开发区为例进行了实证分析。结果证明，模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合，可以为沿海城市防灾减灾提供科科学依据，有一定的参考价值。     

用水户参与灌溉管理模式运行机制与绩效实证分析

我国是一个水资源非常短缺的国家。推行用水户参与灌溉管理（SIDD）模式是解决这一难题的重要措施之一。SIDD管理模式运行机制可以从产权制度安排、运营制度安排、激励制度安排、组织制度安排等进行分析，其运行绩效体现在用水机制、管理方式、交易成本降低等方面。结合江苏皂河灌区管理体制改革，分析了SIDD管理模式的运行机制、绩效及存在的问题。为完善这一管理模式．主要的建议是：制订相关的规章制度，使农户广泛参与；建立多元化的投入机制．拓宽资金来源渠道；遵循市场经济运作机制，深化农业水价改革；明确政府职能。加强指导、服务和监管。     

乡村道路收益评估分析

乡村道路建设对于农村的经济发展、降低贫困等具有重要意义,对于如何评价乡村道路收益一直以来都存在着争议。传统的成本-效益分析方法具体来说有消费者剩余方法、生产者剩余方法等,但是由于这些方法都存在共同的缺陷,即不适合衡量交通流量小的地区乡村道路收益,对乡村道路收益的衡量依然存在低估的问题,引起了诸多学者的批评。本文通过构建新的计量经济学方法,利用对湖北农村家庭的实际调查数据,发现乡村道路建设可以有效地节约农村家庭交通成本、提高男性和女性劳动力的农业工资水平、提高学龄儿童的入学率、降低农业和非农业生产投入产品的价格等,对农村家庭具有重要的即时和长期的正向利益影响。     

Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise’s incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government’s means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.     

Responses of food production systems to climate change:sensitivity and vulnerability

Climate warming has prolonged the optimization of crop-growing seasons,shortened actual growth periods,and changed crop-planting boundaries.It also has boosted crop yields in certain regions while compromising crop quality and affected the occurrence of meteorological disasters and pest diseases damage,which has resulted in reduction in grain yield.Crop production systems will evidence more sensitivity to climate change in future;for example,with an increase of 1°C in temperature,the average growth period will be shortened by 17 days for winter wheat and 7-8 days for maize and rice.Of course regional differences will exist.Climate change will threaten crop yield stability and affect crop quality.Vulnerability will be addressed in regard to extreme climatic events,which include reducing exposure and improving adaptive capacity,because the exposure of rain-fed agriculture is greater than that of irrigated agriculture.Therefore,we propose three suggestions to reduce the vulnerability of crop production systems to climate change.First,strengthen the evaluation capacity construction of sensitivity,which includes(1)refining and improving all types of evaluation indicator systems and models;(2)innovating and developing evaluation methods and tools;and(3)combining field observation and case studies,so that(1)the impact of climate change and sensitivity can be assessed scientifically;(2)uncertainty in the study can be identified and reduced;and(3)improved understanding of climate systems and their changes,climate change impact,and sensitivity will be achieved.Second,strengthen adaptive capacity construction for crop production systems,which includes(1)rebuilding existing farmland infrastructure to improve meteorological disaster defences;(2)adjusting agriculture structure and adopting new crop varieties with enhanced resistance;(3)popularizing water-saving technology and dry farming technology;and(4)further researching interdisciplinary theories and methods.Third,strengthen function construction for natural and social s     

Research on the development and planning of renewable energy in Tibet

With the rapid social and economic development of the Tibet Autonomous Region,the situation in regard to energy supply and demand is increasingly tense.Meanwhile,the development of renewable energy in Tibet has been given considerable practical significance by its peculiar ecological environment.Given the complementarity of renewable energies in Tibet,using the method of factor analysis,we derived four major factors:level of economic development,social development,industrial development,and energy endowment,which help to evaluate development conditions in different regions of Tibet.Treating these four factors equally,we used the hierarchical clustering method to determine the order of regional development.Thus we acquire a three-stage planning project for renewable energy.In the first stage,Lhasa plays a leading role in promoting the development of renewable energy,particularly that based on solar and wind energy.There are two phases in the second stage,the first being to simultaneously develop solar and wind energy in Xigaze and Nyingchi.The second is to develop solar and wind energy in accordance with the time of year in Qamdo,Nagqu,and Ali,with 1.145billion kWh electricity to be generated.The third stage is to develop energy production in Lhoka Prefecture,with 1.369billion kWh electricity to be generated.At the end of the three-stage project,consumption of available electricity will have reached 4.045 billion kwh,with major social and economic benefits.     

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.     

经济增长下的渤海环境容量预测

据1999，2002—2005年渤海活性磷酸盐、石油类、无机氮的水质监测资料。采用箱式模型。估算渤海及各分区现状下及不同经济增长率下的环境容量预测值。估算结果显示．分污染物来看，各年份均是无机氮较大，石油类次之．活性磷酸盐较小；分区域来看。各年份各污染物均是渤海中部较大，辽东湾、渤海湾次之，莱州湾最小；从时间变化来看。除活性磷酸盐外。石油类和无机氯自2002年到2004年逐年减小。假设渤海污染物排入量随着经济增长每年增加5％。以达到环境容量极限值需要的年数来看。自2005年。分别在7年、4年、17年后渤海的石油类、活性磷酸盐、无机氮将达不到一类水质标准，50年、19年、37年后超过四类水质下环境容量极限值；假设随着经济增长污染物排海量每年增长10％，那么自2005年起。29年、13年和22年后三种污染物将超过四类水质下环境容量极限值。     

不同气候保护政策的模拟对比研究

气候变化问题已经成为制约经济发展、影响社会福利的重要因素。如何在经济稳定发展的前提下实行有效的气候保护政策是一个重要的研究课题。以State-Contingent模型和Demeter模型为基础建立一个宏观动态模型。该模型主要包括三个模块：宏观经济模块．气候变化模块．人地关系协调的决策选择模块．以此分析不同气候保护政策对经济的影响。模型在考虑了增汇、技术进步等因素的基础上．针对生产型、增汇型、能源替代型三种气候保护政策作了模拟情景分析。通过模拟计算得到在不实施任何气候保护政策下中国历年的CO2排放和GDP、效用等结果，然后与实施不同气候保护政策所得结果进行比较。研究发现在实行单一气候保护政策时。增汇型政策和能源替代型政策远优于生产型替代政策；而混合型政策要优于任何单一政策。     

完善我国当前抗灾救灾制度的主要着力点——从南方数省大规模抗击雨雪冰冻灾害说起

南方数省大规模的抗击雨雪冰冻灾害给了我们很多有益的启示，其中最重要的一点就是必须反思我国当前的抗灾救灾制度。抗灾救灾工作是一个十分复杂的系统工程，必须有一套科学完善的、行之有效的法律和制度进行规范和指导，才能使抗灾救灾工作高效、有序地进行，从而最大限度地减少突害造成的损失。我国是一个自然灾害发生频繁的国家，而且地广人多。灾害的影响会涉及到社会的各个方面。所以，研究如何完善我国当前的抗灾救灾制度就具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。当前，完善我国抗灾救灾制度的主要着力点有：构建多元化主体的抗灾救灾体系；加强抗灾救灾的法制化建设；提高抗灾救灾制度建设的科学化程度；借鉴发达国家经验，将抗灾救灾的重点转向预防灾害；加强抗灾救灾的理论研究，为抗灾救灾的实践提供科学的理论指导。     

河南中收入丘陵区村庄空心化微观分析

基于对河南省一个空心村的实地调研和问卷调查,从时间和空间扩展的角度对村庄空心化扩展特征进行了分析和解释。研究结果表明：在不同的扩展时段内,村庄的扩展规模和速度有明显差异,这与村庄的整体社会经济发展过程有关。在村庄空间扩张的过程中,村庄所处的地形特点在一定程度上影响了村庄居民的建房偏好与行为,进而进一步影响到村庄的空间扩展特征。同时经济发展水平也是促进空心化形成的一个重要因素,收入的增加在一定程度上提高了居民的住宅消费需求。居民在建房资金筹备上的提前消费行为又提高了建房愿望。此外,人口增多,家庭结构小型化,居民居住偏好改变等因素进一步深化了村庄空心化,而现有村庄住宅政策的不完善是导致空心化形成的深层制度原因。     

基尼系数法在水污染物总量区域分配中的应用

水污染物总量的区域初始分配是实施污染物总量控制工作的起点。直接影响到排污许可证的发放工作。如何实现水污染物目标总量初始分配的公平性是要解决的关键问题。通过综合考虑待分配区域的经济、自然等客观因素．筛选出既能充分代表地区水环境承载力，又与总量分配密切相关的指标，应用经济学中衡量居民收入分配公平程度的基尼系数的概念．建立以基尼系数最小化为目标的规划模型，通过设定合理的运算规则和约束条件构建优化方程，制定基于公平性的水污染物总量的区域初始分配方案。初始分配后．可以在区域内部建立排污许可证交易制度．通过企业间的交易。实现社会总体治污成本最小化的目标。     

Factors influencing the quality of rural human settlements in a peripheral metropolitan area based on a structural equation model:A case study from Beijing

Rural human settlement is a significant indicator of the living standards of rural residents,and its improvement can contribute to promoting the positive interaction between inhabited environment and the social,economic,and resource environment in the countryside.Based on 557 valid questionnaires of satisfaction evaluation of human settlement in the peripheral metropolitan area of Beijing,this paper analyzed the elemental characteristics and factors influencing human settlement quality using multivariate statistical analysis and a structural equation model.The result shows that,first,the rural residents in a peripheral metropolitan area of Beijing are generally satisfied with the quality of human settlement(satisfaction rate is 66.2%).Specifically,the natural and social environment of the countryside is excellent and harmonious and corresponding standard of countryside infrastructure is advanced,but the quality of public services and follow-up management of facilities are in urgent need of improvement and the imbalance between revenue and expenditure of rural households has led to a continuous increase in the pressures of life.Second,factors such as social atmosphere,appearance of the village,entertainment,living costs,fundamental public services,and production costs have significant effects on human settlement quality in this peripheral metropolitan area,with social atmosphere as the main one.Living costs and supporting services are the main constraints to improvement in the quality of human settlement.     

Analysis of the efficiency of regional tourism based on DEA window technology

In this study,data envelopment analysis is used to measure the tourism efficiency of 31 regions in China according to the panel data from the year 2000 to 2010.The conclusion shows that the efficiency of tourism industry is on the rise as a whole,while the diversity of every region becomes more and more apparent.High efficiency appears in east regions like Beijing,Tianjin and Shanghai where the economy is developed,and regions like Jilin,Sichuan and Gansu in the midland and west show low efficiency.     

渤海海洋资源价值量核算的研究

探讨海洋资源核算的目的在于重新建立海洋资源价值观，科学评价、合理开发利用海洋资源，为实施有效的管理、保障区域海洋经济的可持续发展提供依据。以海洋资源分类为基础，构建了水产，港址、海洋石油、海盐、滨海景观、滩涂等海洋资源价值量评估的基本方法。以渤海为研究区域．以2004年为基准年．对上述海洋资源初步进行货币化的价值量核算。结果表明：环渤海地区主要海洋资源价值为8028亿元．相当于当年环渤海地区生产总值的24％；海洋资源价值以港址资源为主。占总价值的38．56％；海洋资源价值主要分布在山东地区。占总价值的47.4％；单位岸线海洋资源价值差异大，其中天津最高为7．84亿元／km；海洋资源开发雷同现象严重．环渤海各地区均以海洋渔业、港口运输业和滨海旅游业为主。     

湖南省汨罗市再生资源产业集群升级研究

随着我国经济快速增长。生态建设和环境保护的形势日益严峻，再生资源产业作为根本解决资源枯竭、能源短缺、环境污染等问题的有效途径，对我国资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设具有重要战略意义。汨罗市再生资源产业历史悠久，已经初步建立起再生资源回收系统、再生资源加工利用系统和废弃物资无害化处置系统．呈现出产业集群发展雏形。针对目前汨罗市再生资源产业集群存在的产业链条短、产品加工度不高、附加值低等问题。必须通过再生资源产业价值链技术创新、链核延伸和链条辐射。实现汨罗市再生资源产业集群的动态升级。加速汨罗市再生资源产业集群区域品牌的形成。为其他地区和城市再生资源产业发展提供重要经验借鉴和发展启示。