西太湖区域水环境容量分配及水质可控目标研究

西太湖流域产业、人口集聚,水环境污染一直以来是该区域经济可持续发展的制约因素之一,利用2010年的监测数据对西太湖主要入湖河流及湖体的水环境状况进行了分析,通过对研究区域工业点源、城镇和农村生活源、农田面源和畜禽水产污染源排污的分布情况调查,并计算了入河污染物量;利用构建的西太湖区域水量水质数学模型,估算了区域水环境容量,依据水环境功能区的水质目标与水域面积分配到了各市/区,在充分调查现有与规划的各类型污染源总量控制工程措施的基础上,量化出具有空间分布的流域污染削减率,并提出水质可控目标。结果表明:太湖湖体受总氮污染影响总体水质劣于Ⅴ类,研究区域主要入湖河流基本处于Ⅳ类,氨氮超标最严重;进入水体的COD为25 410.2 t/a,氨氮2 795.4 t/a,总氮4 646.4 t/a,总磷313.8 t/a,其中城镇生活源污染物入河量所占的比例最大,各类污染物均在35%~50%,尤以宜兴市和常州武进区负荷较大;各控制单元进入水体的污染物量基本都超过了水环境容量,近期各市/区COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的削减率分别为8.0%~56.0%,8.0%~62.1%,6.0%~41.8%,8.0%~59.9%,远期污染物削减率更高;最终通过模型推算,定出西太湖湖体各污染因子的可控目标,2015年,COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷分别为4.50、0.80、3.50和0.08 mg/L,2020年进一步达到4.50、0.60、3.00和0.07 mg/L,为西太湖总量控制提供科学依据。     

马颊河水系三条河流水质变化及污染物入海通量分析

分析了徒骇河、德惠新河与马颊河2003~2010年入海断面水质变化状况及入海通量的变化趋势。结果表明：徒骇河与德惠新河主要超标污染物为CODCr、CODMn、BOD5、NH3 N、石油类，主要表现为耗氧类有机污染与有机有毒类污染。马颊河主要超标污染物除CODCr、CODMn、BOD5、NH3 N、石油类外，还包括TP与VHB，以上各水质指标浓度分别超过III类水质标准的9、7、12、6、7、9、13倍，表现为耗氧类有机污染、营养盐类污染及有机有毒类污染问题。3条河流中，马颊河污染最为严重。研究期间，除德惠新河的无机无毒类与有机有毒类分类综合污染指数呈一定的上升趋势外，其它类别分类综合污染指数均呈下降趋势，表明3条河流的污染程度有所缓解。徒骇河TN、TP的入海通量总体上呈下降的趋势，其他两条河流污染物的入海通量均有所增加，至2010年，3条河流CODCr、CODMn、NH3 N、TN、TP及石油类入海通量分别为73 871、12 963、1 025、26、69、162 t，16 075、2 997、365、304、13、31 t及51 571、10 801、1 738、626、934、140 t；且3条河流主要污染物入海通量的贡献顺序为徒骇河>马颊河>德惠新河     

推进我国可持续消费政策探析

2003年，我国的能源供应已全面吃紧，全国化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量已超出环境容量，且二氧化硫排放量与国内生产总值显现出9％的同一增长速度。据估算，水污染造成的经济损失相当于GDP1．5％～3％，空气污染导致的公众健康和环境损害可能占GDP的7％。当前资源和环境的瓶颈约束加剧及现阶段我国经济持续高速增长态势使得经济增长方式上存在的高投入、高消耗、高排放、低效率等问题日益突显，可持续发展实现难度很大。     

长江入海口徐六泾断面2005～2012年水环境因子及入海通量变化特征

分别于2005～2012年的4个季节对长江入海口徐六泾断面水质实施了29个航次的监测。2005、2010和2012年为丰水年,2006、2011年为枯水年,其余3 a为平水年。2005～2012年化学耗氧量（CODCr）的年度平均浓度范围为52～1469 mg/L,氨-氮（NH4 N）为0051～0358 mg/L,总磷（TP）为0069～0255 mg/L,活性磷酸盐（PO4 P）为0044～0098 mg/L,石油类（Oil）为2367～7939 μg/L,铜（Cu）为171～277 μg/L,镉（Cd）为0057～0116 μg/L,砷（As）为234～294 μg/L。引入计算Spearman秩相关系数的方法分析评价指标与时间序列间的相关性,并检验相关系数的显著性意义。评价结果显示,长江入海径流量呈现上升的趋势,但趋势不显著。年平均浓度呈上升趋势的污染因子水质要素从强到弱到小依次为TP、PO4 P、NH4 N、Oil和CODCr,TP上升趋势显著,呈下降趋势的水质要素从强到弱依次为Cu、As和Cd,Cu下降趋势显著;长江入海口的水质综合标准指数呈显著上升趋势,监测断面水质等级持续下降,污染状况持续恶化;长江污染物入海通量总体呈显著增加趋势,特别是氮的输出通量有较大增加。研究表明,长江入海口水质恶化速度加剧,应引起政府和社会的足够重视,保护长江水质刻不容缓     

基于GIS空间自相关的江汉平原钉螺分布特征

基于江汉平原1990、1995、2000、2005、2009年5个年份行政村尺度的钉螺面积分布数据，借助ArcGIS软件平台建立了钉螺分布数据库，运用全局自相关、聚类和异常值分析及热点分析方法分析了1990~2009年5个年份的钉螺时空分布特征。结果显示钉螺分布总体上存在显著的空间自相关性，分布模式主要呈现高值聚类，仙桃与洪湖交界处一直都是钉螺分布的高发正热点区域，即钉螺分布面积比较多。从时间变化规律来看，1990、2000和2009年是钉螺分布模式和热点区域发生变化的重要时间节点。研究结果对于钉螺扩散的防控、减少血吸虫病的传播有着重要的理论和现实意义     

白马湖水污染特征及其成因分析

为揭示白马湖水污染特征及其成因,在历史监测数据收集的基础上,于2016年11月初对白马湖25个采样点的水质指标进行了分析。结果表明:近年来白马湖水质波动较大,2010~2014年期间,白马湖水体水质总体处于Ⅳ类;2015年好转为Ⅲ类;2016年又下降为Ⅴ类。白马湖水体富营养化综合指数(TLIc)呈显著增加趋势,由最初的轻度富营养化水平演变到目前的中度富营养化水平(TLIc:66.66)。采样期间,白马湖水体主要以氮污染物为主,其次是磷污染物和耗氧污染物。湖泊水体污染程度依次为:北部湖区东部和中部湖区南部湖区。湖水中总氮(TN)约83%以溶解性总氮(TDN)的形式存在,氨氮(NH+4-N)占TDN的65%,其次是NO3--N(25%);总磷(P)约60%以溶解性总磷(TDP)的形式存在,正磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)占TDP的55%左右。北部湖区TDN/TDP比值最高(50.51±19.16)(p0.05),P是北部湖区藻类生长的限制因子;中部、东部和南部湖区TDN/TDP比值均已适应藻类生长。陆域外源污染源输入是引起白马湖水质空间异质性和水质下降的主要因素,湖内水生植被消亡和水产养殖污染引起的生态功能退化也是造成白马湖水质下降的一个原因。研究可为当下白马湖水质演化研究及水环境治理提供新的理论基础。     

金华江流域利用硅藻生物学特性监测水质研究

2012年7月对浙江省金华江流域18个监测断面进行了附着硅藻和水质调查，通过硅藻生态群落组成及SPI、BDI硅藻指数对水质进行了评价，并比较了硅藻指数评价与水质理化评价结果的异同性。本次调查共收集到硅藻75种（含变种和变型），隶属于2纲12科30属。硅藻生态类群组成显示各断面以喜中性、N自养、耐低污染和喜好很高氧饱和度硅藻为主。水质理化指标总体评价金华江各监测断面水质多为Ⅲ类及以上，仅有一个断面为V类，硅藻SPI和BDI指数评价各断面水质为中等及中等以上。二者评价结果总体上吻合，但同时存在一定差异。SPI与高锰酸盐指数和硝酸盐氮呈显著负相关，BDI与氨氮呈显著负相关。硅藻指数在金华江流域有一定的适用性，但其在国内其他流域的适用性、评价方法的指示性与稳定性有待进行更深入的研究     

仙女湖富营养化特征与水环境容量核算

以典型的亚热带大型水库——江西省仙女湖为例,于2011~2013年季节性监测了仙女湖水体理化指标。采用综合营养状态指数法对其富营养化状态进行了评价,并采用沃伦威德尔模型(Vollenweider)和狄龙模型(Dillon)计算了COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP的水环境容量。结果表明:仙女湖水质总体处于地表水Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类标准,TN 0.32~0.91 mg/L、平均0.59 mg/L,NH₃-N 0.012~0.59 mg/L、平均0.31 mg/L,TP 0.017~0.080 mg/L、平均0.028 mg/L,COD_Mn 1.61~5.59 mg/L、平均2.85 mg/L,Chl-a 0.37~0.95 μg/L、平均0.56 μg/L。从湖区上游到下游,各指标尤其是总氮、总磷、透明度和氨氮呈现明显的趋优变化特征,除TP出现Ⅲ类水质外,其余指标多年持续处于Ⅱ类水质状态;从单因子状态指数来看,采用透明度评价的营养状态最高,大部分湖区持续处于轻度富营养状态;TN和TP评价的营养状态次之,处于中营养水平。仙女湖COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP水环境容量分别为21 208.0、3 528.8、4 991.2和248.1 t/a,分别剩余容量比率56.88%、68.25%、62.89%和13.67%,影响仙女湖水环境容量最突出的环境因子为TP。同时,基于对水环境容量影响因素的分析,最后提出了提高仙女湖区水环境容量的建设性方案。     

太湖梅梁湾水源地示范区水质改善初探

基于改善环境、恢复生态系统的思路，在太湖梅梁湾水源地实施了旨在恢复水生植物的环境改善和生态修复工程。通过2003 年8月开展的本底调查及2003年9月~2004 年11 月的水质监测资料，对太湖梅梁湾水源地水质改善示范区水质的时空变化趋势和质量状况进行了研究与评价。结果表明，工程实施前示范区内各点位的透明度、总氮、氨氮、总磷、叶绿素a等指标均超标，水质为Ⅳ Ⅴ类，表现为富营养化水平；各项工程措施实施后水质有了明显改善，溶解氧明显升高，全年较2003年8月份升高34%，夏季较2003年8月也升高了17%，10个点透明度平均由0.29 m提高到0.35 m，增加了21%，强化净化区较外围区提高0.05 m。但是，上述水质改善仅是生态工程物理效应的结果，由于水生植物尚未恢复，因此，有些指标的改善并不明显，如叶绿素等。但在可以预见的将来，在水生植物得到恢复后，其水质改善的趋势将更加明显。     

滇池水污染经济损失估算

滇池的水污染问题已经严重影响昆明经济社会的可持续发展。为估算因水污染造成的经济损失，首先利用滇池外海8个观测点的水质监测数据，应用时空地质统计学模拟滇池水体各污染因子浓度的分布，并依据水质指标的浓度分布对滇池水质区域划分为北部、中部、南部3个区域，然后从饮用水、渔业、旅游、灌溉4种水体功能入手，结合詹姆斯“浓度-价值曲线”模型和污染损失率法分别对滇池每个区域的水污染经济损失进行估算。通过计算，2010年滇池水污染经济损失总计7275亿元，其中北部、中部、南部区域的水污染经济损失分别为1552、3759、1964亿元。从各区域的污染损失率来看，滇池水资源饮用水源功能已丧失，渔业功能部分丧失（损失率＞90%），目前滇池水资源主要用于旅游和灌溉     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的太湖流域农田系统水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征分析

在土壤水分长期定位观测基础上,应用Hydrus-1D模型对太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田土壤水分渗漏进行动态模拟,并结合深层土壤溶液取样及氮磷浓度测定,分析了当前耕作方式下农田水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征。结果表明,土壤水渗漏与降雨、灌溉及前期土壤含水率有关;麦季深层渗漏量小但持续时间长,而稻季单次渗漏量大却持续时间短。模拟时段内铵态氮和可溶解性总磷的淋失主要发生在稻季,淋失量分别为2.62、0.49 kg/hm²,分别占稻麦轮作期总淋失量的96.0%、96.0%,而硝态氮淋失主要发生在麦季,淋失量为57.97 kg/hm²,占总淋失量的80.2%;无机氮淋失的主要形态为硝态氮,其淋失量占总淋失量的96.4%。综合看来,硝态氮应作为主要阻控对象,以减少农田面源污染对地下水及太湖水体的污染风险。此外,氮磷淋失在6、7月份即休耕期和水稻生长早期容易达到峰值,应得到重视。     

Factor analysis of water quality characteristics including trace metal speciation in the coastal environmental system of Chennai Ennore

Statistical analysis of water quality parameters including trace metal speciation was undertaken with a view to seeing the interrelationship between different variables and also to identify probable source components in order to explain the pollution status of Chennai Ennore coastal environmental system. Factor analysis has been used in the present work. This is essentially a data reduction technique and will suggest how many variates are important to explain the observed variances in the data. The possible variances in the water quality parameters may be due to either sources of anthropogenic origin or natural variances due to the season or due to different biogeochemical processes that are taking place in the system. When this analysis was carried out with our data on water quality parameters in the above coastal environmental system, we found that the prominent factor or the first factor called the eutrophication factor explained 24.51% of the total variance (comprised of variables like DO, pH, SS, ammonia-N, phosphate and silicate). The second factor called the copper contamination factor explained 10.61% (comprised of variables like labile Cu, total Cu and particulate Cu) and the third factor called metal removal factor explained 10.11% (comprised of variables like particulate Zn, particulate Pb and water temperature) of the variances, respectively. Although there are four more factors, they are all having variances less than 10%. From this study, it is seen that eutrophication is the main source component of pollution to the surface waters of this estuary and its adjacent coastal waters compared to dissolved trace metals.     

Chemical contamination of the East River (Dongjiang) and its implication on sustainable development in the Pearl River Delta

A recent survey reveals that water quality and river sediments of Dongjiang (the East River) have been mildly contaminated by heavy metals and organic chemicals, such as copper, lead, PCBs, PAHs and HCHs. According to photogrammertic surveys, the sources of contamination are closely related to human activities, such as domestic and industrial discharges, agricultural chemical applications and soil erosion due to deforestation. The level of water and sediment contamination is most serious at the mid-river section near the urban of Weizhou. Due to natural dilution and diffusion, the levels of contamination are slightly decreased at the medium low section of the River near Qiaotou and Matan. Nevertheless, the levels of contamination increase again in the lower river section near Shenzhen, which is a highly developed economic zone. Since Dongjiang is the major source of potable water supply for Hong Kong (nearly 80% of potable water of Hong Kong is abstracted from Dongjiang) and the other parts of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), such organic and inorganic pollution merit concern. Ironically, most of the industrial and commercial activities in the watershed of Dongjiang are business investments of Hong Kong citizens. Cross-border environmental efforts should be enhanced with collaboration of different jurisdictions to achieve targets of regional sustainability.     

蓝藻水华的成因及其生态控制进展

从水体生态系统的平衡、供水水质、人类及其它动物的健康风险、水域生态景观等方面分析了蓝藻水华的危害。对蓝藻水华形成的内在因素（高温适应的一系列特殊的生化调控机制或特性、三套色素系统——低光补偿机制、奢侈消费机制、固氮——营养补偿机制、休眠——回避不良条件机制、产生天然毒素来抑制竞争者和捕食者的机制）和环境因素（物理，如温度、光照、扰动及混合和水的滞留时间等；化学，如主要营养盐、微量营养元素、溶解无机碳、溶解有机碳和盐度等；生物因子，如牧食、微生物作用和与较高等动植物的共生等）进行了分析。并对蓝藻水华的生态控制（微生物控藻、大型水生植物抑藻、水生动物控藻如经典生物操纵、非经典生物操纵和罗非鱼控藻）的研究进展进行了综述。〖     

层次分析-熵值定权法在城市水环境承载力评价中的应用

从广义水环境承载力定义出发，建立水环境承载力评价指标体系;采用层次分析－熵值定权法和向量模法对武汉市水环境承载力进行评价，该定权方法采用层次分析法确定权重，同时又引入熵值法对权重进行修正，在一定程度上减少了主观影响。该方法使评价指标的赋权达到主观与客观统一，对水环境承载力的量化更加准确与合理。该方法构造简单，便于实现计算机编程，所以应用较为简单、方便。以武汉市为例，综合考虑资源环境以及社会经济发展，建立了一套指标体系，利用向量模法对指标进行量化，结果表明武汉市2006~2010年水环境承载力逐年增大，由0129 3增长到02411，表明近些年武汉市水资源、环境与社会经济的发展协调性较好。从3个准则层中可以看出，资源与环境对武汉市水环境承载力的影响较大；社会子系统承载力评价值逐年上升，且上升趋势较快；随着经济的加速发展，经济子系统承载力评价值呈逐年下降态势     

Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment

We provide a global assessment, with detailed multi-scale data, of the ecological and toxicological effects generated by inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis of the published scientific literature shows three major environmental problems: (1) it can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in freshwater ecosystems without much acid-neutralizing capacity, resulting in acidification of those systems; (2) it can stimulate or enhance the development, maintenance and proliferation of primary producers, resulting in eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems; (3) it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of aquatic animals to survive, grow and reproduce. Inorganic nitrogen pollution of ground and surface waters can also induce adverse effects on human health and economy. Because reductions in SO2 emissions have reduced the atmospheric deposition of H2SO4 across large portions of North America and Europe, while emissions of NOx have gone unchecked, HNO3 is now playing an increasing role in the acidification of freshwater ecosystems. This acidification process has caused several adverse effects on primary and secondary producers, with significant biotic impoverishments, particularly concerning invertebrates and fishes, in many atmospherically acidified lakes and streams. The cultural eutrophication of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems can cause ecological and toxicological effects that are either directly or indirectly related to the proliferation of primary producers. Extensive kills of both invertebrates and fishes are probably the most dramatic manifestation of hypoxia (or anoxia) in eutrophic and hypereutrophic aquatic ecosystems with low water turnover rates. The decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations can also promote the formation of reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, resulting in higher adverse (toxic) effects on aquatic animals. Additionally, the occurrence of toxic algae can significantly contribute to the extensive kills of aquatic animals. Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms appear to be major responsible that may be stimulated by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Among the different inorganic nitrogenous compounds (NH4+, NH3, NO2-, HNO2NO3-) that aquatic animals can take up directly from the ambient water, unionized ammonia is the most toxic, while ammonium and nitrate ions are the least toxic. In general, seawater animals seem to be more tolerant to the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds than freshwater animals, probably because of the ameliorating effect of water salinity (sodium, chloride, calcium and other ions) on the tolerance of aquatic animals. Ingested nitrites and nitrates from polluted drinking waters can induce methemoglobinemia in humans, particularly in young infants, by blocking the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Ingested nitrites and nitrates also have a potential role in developing cancers of the digestive tract through their contribution to the formation of nitrosamines. In addition, some scientific evidences suggest that ingested nitrites and nitrates might result in mutagenicity, teratogenicity and birth defects, contribute to the risks of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder and ovarian cancers, play a role in the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in the development of thyroid hypertrophy, or cause spontaneous abortions and respiratory tract infections. Indirect health hazards can occur as a consequence of algal toxins, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatoenteritis, muscular cramps, and several poisoning syndromes (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning). Other indirect health hazards can also come from the potential relationship between inorganic nitrogen pollution and human infectious diseases (malaria, cholera). Human sickness and death, extensive kills of aquatic animals, and other negative effects, can have elevated costs on human economy, with the recreation and tourism industry suffering the most important economic impacts, at least locally. It is concluded that levels of total nitrogen lower than 0.5-1.0 mg TN/L could prevent aquatic ecosystems (excluding those ecosystems with naturally high N levels) from developing acidification and eutrophication, at least by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Those relatively low TN levels could also protect aquatic animals against the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds since, in the absence of eutrophication, surface waters usually present relatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, most inorganic reactive nitrogen being in the form of nitrate. Additionally, human health and economy would be safer from the adverse effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination in a suburban area of Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India

Groundwater source is the major source of drinking water in most of the suburban areas of India. Groundwater quality was analyzed for pH, TDS, hardness, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, total coliform and E. coli for the period of January–December 2013. Samples were collected from 10 locations that include 10 shallow wells and 10 deep wells in each location. The quality variation between both shallow and deep wells during pre- and post-monsoon was analyzed. The improper disposal of solid waste and the distance of septic tank were pronounced on E. coli count. The analysis reveals that groundwater contamination is influenced by seasonal changes, environmental condition of the well and maintenance of the well. The high contamination was observed in the wells which are near to the Pallikaranai marsh, and during post-monsoon season, the total dissolved solids and nitrite parameters are slightly increased, whereas chloride increases during pre-monsoon season. Correlation analysis reveals that the chloride and nitrite have a significant relation. The results suggested that the groundwater immediately needs broader protection.     

黄浦江上游地区水环境质量演变趋势

为全面反映黄浦江上游地区水质情况，在黄浦江上游地区共选取包括黄浦江干流及上游主要来水水系的7个监测站点的15年监测数据，作为本次黄漓江上游地区水质状况演变分析的主要依据。黄漓江上游水源地处东部平原感潮河网地区．水源地内河道密布、纵横交错，水系结构极为复杂，水源承接上游江苏、浙江来水，其水源保护具有鲜明的区位特殊性和区域综合性。长三角地区河流有机污染严重，普遍出现水体黑臭现象，尤其是近10年来，这一问题日趋突出，许多中小河流的水体溶解氧几乎为零。出现季节性的或终年的水体黑臭。如果不能保证上游江浙来水水质，即使能有效控制水源地点源、非点源污染，而水源水质也很难保证。因此．除了加强对黄浦江上游点源、非点源污染的控制力度，江浙来水亦将成为决定水源水质的重要因子。