The holistic impact of integrated solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in Phuket

Continually increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the limited capacity of the existing waste management system in Phuket have led to the consideration of integrated waste management system (IWMS). Life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed to compare the greenhouse gas emissions expressed as global warming potential (GWP) of the existing waste management system (the base scenario) and other three IWMSs for Phuket MSW. Besides incineration and landfilling, the proposed scenarios include 30% source separation for recycling (scenario 2), anaerobic digestion (scenario 3) and both (scenario 4).The functional unit is set as 1 t of Phuket MSW treated. Results from the impact assessment of the base scenario shows that the net GWP is 1006 kg CO₂ equivalent. Landfilling contributes to the highest potentials of this impact. The results from a holistic comparison show that scenario 4 is the best option among all the scenarios, contributing GWP of 415 kg CO₂ eq., whereas the base scenario is the worst. The emission of greenhouse gas from landfilling is reduced by the introduction of landfill gas recovery and utilization for electricity production. By assumption, 50% recovery of landfill gas leads to the GWP reduction around 58% by total GWP of landfilling and 36% by the net GWP of the whole system in the base scenario. The study suggests that a policy that promotes source separation should be pursued, preferably combined with the application of landfill gas recovery for electricity. Policy promoting recycling is favorable over anaerobic digestion in the situation that both treatment systems could not be established at the same time. The major conclusion from the study is that results from the LCA can support Phuket Municipality for decision-making with respect to planning and optimizing IWMS. It can benefit other municipalities or policy makers to apply in their waste management projects.     

废铁屑强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷可行性分析

有关全球气候变化的《巴黎协定》落槌,预示着污水处理追求碳中和运行的时代已经来临.碳中和狭义理解即能源自给自足,这就要求污水处理厂应最大程度转化污水中有机物或产生的剩余污泥所蕴含的有机能源,并将其生成可再生能源——甲烷.然而,剩余污泥能源转化率较低一直都是限制厌氧消化技术广为应用的瓶颈.在污泥预处理技术之外,向厌氧消化系统中投加废铁屑强化甲烷生产有望成为另一个提高能源转化率的突破口,继而实现"以废促能、变废为宝"的目的.本综述从铁腐蚀析氢现象入手,在描述铁腐蚀析氢原理、析出H2对产CH4过程影响的基础上,对铁在厌氧系统ORP减少方面的作用、对厌氧微生物生理、生化特性的影响、对涉及微生物酶活的影响等进行了全面的介绍.最后,还通过生命周期评估(LCA)评价了基于废铁屑的污泥厌氧消化技术对环境的影响及经济合理性.     

纸塑铝复合包装处置方式的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响,并在处置阶段对不同处置方式的环境影响进行评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式,获得所有生命周期阶段能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:纸塑铝复合包装生命周期阶段中环境影响比重最大的是原料获取阶段,占75%以上. 纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响主要集中在化石燃料、土地占用和无机物对人体损害3个方面,在矿产资源、气候变化、酸化富营养化和生态毒性方面影响稍小. 3种处置方式对环境影响由大到小依次为填埋＞焚烧＞再生,其中填埋和焚烧处置分别比纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段前的环境影响增加11%和7%,再生可降低23%,而进一步降低环境影响的方式为发展铝塑分离技术.      

Life cycle assessment for municipal solid waste treatment and utilization

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垃圾分类对碳减排的影响分析：以青岛市为例

城市生活垃圾(MSW)处理单元是重要的温室气体排放源,垃圾分类可以实现垃圾减量化和提高资源化利用率,但对于温室气体减排的影响还鲜见报道.以青岛市内4区为研究对象,基于生命周期评价方法,研究了垃圾分类前后不同生活垃圾处置模式下的温室气体排放情况.结果表明,垃圾分类可以显著降低处置全过程中的温室气体排放,模式1(混合收集+填埋)、模式2(混合收集+焚烧)、模式3(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化和其他焚烧)和模式4(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化、可回收垃圾资源化和其他焚烧)垃圾处理全过程净碳排放量(以CO₂/MSW计)分别为686.39、-130.12、-61.88和-230.17 kg·t^-1.提高厨余垃圾回收效率并不能显著降低碳排放.随着垃圾回收效率的提高,碳减排量呈线性增加,可回收垃圾回收效率每提高10%,其净碳排放量降低26.6%(16.5 kg·t^-1).适度分离餐厨垃圾、提高可回收垃圾回收效率和降低厨余垃圾厌氧消化沼气泄漏率是目前减少生活垃圾温室气体排放和社会成本的可行策略.     

城市生物质废物厌氧消化处理可行性分析

城市废物传统的处理方式主要包括卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥,而近年来,随着城市生活垃圾中生物质废物的增加以及世界能源短缺现象的加剧,具有废物处理和资源回收双重效益的生物质废物厌氧消化技术日益受到世界各国的广泛关注。文章分析了我国城市生物质废物的种类和性质,指出了采用目前的三种传统废物处理方式处理我国城市生物质废物的弊端,并提出了利用厌氧消化技术处理城市生物质废物的适用性,对比分析了上述四种废物处理方式的优缺点,并从政策方向性、技术工艺可靠性、原料和市场稳定性,以及环境、经济和社会效益优良性等多方面对城市生物质废物厌氧消化技术的可行性进行了分析,说明厌氧消化技术必将成为未来生物质废物资源化处理的发展趋势。     

泥处理处置路径碳排放分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)提供的核算准则,结合生命周期评价(LCA),对我国常见的污泥处理处置路径包括填埋、焚烧、热解、好氧堆肥、厌氧消化和湿式空气氧化进行了碳排放核算,并对敏感因子污泥有机质含量进行了影响分析.结果表明,对于有机质含量40%~50%的脱水污泥(含水率80%),净碳排放排序为填埋>焚烧>热解>厌氧消化>好氧堆肥>湿式空气氧化;而对于有机质含量60%~70%的脱水污泥,排序为填埋>焚烧>热解>好氧堆肥>湿式空气氧化>厌氧消化.对不同污泥处理处置组合路径进一步分析表明,独立焚烧相对于污泥水泥窑协同处置和燃煤电厂混烧碳排放更低.水解-厌氧消化-土地利用组合路径因提高有机质利用率而降低碳排放.1t脱水污泥处理处置全生命周期碳排放分析的结果表明,当污泥有机质含量低于60%时,上述路径都会产生2.07~494.45kg CO₂eq/t不等的碳排放;当污泥有机质含量达到60%时,热水解-厌氧消化-土地利用组合路径可以实现负碳排放,为-37.91kg CO₂eq/t,厌氧消化及湿式空气氧化路径接近于零碳排放;当有机质含量达到70%时,湿式空气氧化､厌氧消化及组合路径均可以实现负碳排放.     

中国厨余垃圾处理技术及资源化方案选择

介绍了中国厨余垃圾的产量及特征,分析了厨余垃圾粉碎直排、填埋、焚烧、饲料、昆虫养殖、堆肥、转换能源和高值化利用处理技术的现状及优缺点,表明厨余垃圾资源化处理是未来的发展趋势,其中饲料化应是未来值得提倡的资源化技术之一.此外,对比了厌氧消化和好氧堆肥两大主流资源化模式的特点,厌氧消化和好氧堆肥分别适用于集中大规模处理和分...     

零价铁在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的应用研究进展

厌氧消化是一种可实现有机固废资源化的生物处理技术,目前主要存在产酸、产甲烷效率低下等问题。研究表明:零价铁（Fe0）的添加可有效提升有机固废厌氧消化性能。从Fe0对有机固废产酸、产甲烷效率的影响,以及Fe0与其他添加剂联合运用的效果等方面,综述Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的应用。Fe0对有机固废厌氧消化性能影响的作用机制主要包括降低系统氧化还原电位,腐蚀析氢作用,影响微生物群落,影响关键酶活性。此外,以硫化物、抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）为例,阐述了Fe0对有机固废厌氧消化过程中污染物的去除作用。指出Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化应用过程中存在的问题及挑战,并对未来Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的深入研究问题做出了展望。     

不同污泥处理与处置工艺的碳排放

针对目前主流的污泥处理处置工艺,总结了各工艺碳排放情景及其影响因素.好氧堆肥、干化、土地利用、焚烧的碳主要以CO2的形式排放;而厌氧消化和填埋的碳排放以CH4为主.好氧堆肥的CO2排放当量较低,填埋的CO2排放当量较高.好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、填埋工艺分别可以通过改善通风状况、前处理和不同类型污泥联合处理、覆盖有机材料等方...     

LCA of comprehensive pig manure management incorporating integrated technology systems

Increased and intensified pig production has raised the needs for proper management systems of pig manure in order to reduce negative environmental impacts. The objectives of this study were to identify the most significant environmental impacts from pig manure management considering a wide range of impact categories and to determine which integrated technology system at which handling stage can achieve the highest impact reduction. Twelve scenarios applying various treatment, storage and land application systems were developed and compared. Life cycle assessment (LCA) with the aim of capturing the actual consequences of the considered scenarios was selected as the tool for impact quantification. The most important impact categories in this investigation are global warming (GWP), aquatic eutrophication (AEP), respiratory inorganics (RIP), and terrestrial eutrophication (TEP). The two latter impacts, caused by ammonia emissions, have not been widely considered in most of previous LCA studies on pig manure management. The main keys for the effective impact reduction are the integration of treatment technology systems aiming at energy recovery with high nutrient recovery and control of greenhouse gas, ammonia, and nitrate emissions at every handling stage. For GWP and AEP, the anaerobic digestion-based scenario with natural crust storage achieves the highest impact reduction because of high efficiencies in energy and nutrient recovery with restricted emissions of GHG and nitrate. For RIP and TEP, the incineration and thermal gasification based scenarios and the scenario without a treatment system applying the deep injection method yield the highest impact minimisation due to the lowest ammonia emissions. This study further indicates the need to consider all significant impacts to decide the best management options taking into consideration local conditions.     

基于生命周期评价的城市固体废弃物处理模式研究进展

通过回顾2003-2010年国内外不同城市固体废弃物管理体系生命周期评价结果,列举比较了不同固体废弃物处理模式下的全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和净能源效用等影响评价因子的大小,得出城市固体废弃物处理模式环境影响等级:填埋的环境影响潜值最大,焚烧的环境影响潜值小于填埋,而结合堆肥后环境影响潜值降低;此外,将固体废弃物资源化引入到处理模式后,特别是垃圾源头分类回收后,环境影响潜值大大降低。结合我国城市固体废弃物处理现状,提出单一的处理模式应转变为综合处理模式,多种生活垃圾处理方式适当的有机结合,因地制宜地开展固体废弃物资源化管理,以及餐厨垃圾源头分类收集处理等建议,为政府能有效利用城市固体废弃物处理设施的能力提供参考。     

食用油聚酯包装的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价法研究了食用油聚酯(PET)包装的生命周期环境影响,并对不同处置方式的环境影响进行比较评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式获得所有生命周期阶段的能量物质的输入、输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:PET包装原料获取阶段的环境影响潜值在全生命周期环境影响潜值中所占比例极高,占处置前环境影响潜值的81.8%. PET包装的全生命周期环境影响类别主要集中在化石燃料、无机物对人体损害和气候变化3个方面;在致癌、生态毒性和酸化/富营养化等方面的影响较小. 3种主要处置方式的环境影响潜值为焚烧＞填埋＞再生,其中焚烧和填埋分别增加PET包装处置阶段前环境影响潜值的5.1%和3.6%,而再生可降低63.9%.      

厨余垃圾厌氧消化处理难点及调控策略分析

厨余垃圾产量大、有机物含量高、营养元素丰富,对其进行适当处理后资源化利用是厨余垃圾处理的发展方向。厌氧消化可实现生物质能的高效利用,是厨余垃圾资源化、无害化处理的主要方法之一。提升餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效率获得清洁能源及对消化产物的综合利用是目前研究的热点。介绍了厨余垃圾的基本特性、厌氧消化的机理,总结厨余垃圾厌氧消化各阶段面临的问题,分析对应的国内外调控策略的优缺点及研究进展,并对今后厨余垃圾厌氧消化的调控新策略及产物再利用进行展望。     

中美典型污泥处理处置工程能耗和碳排放比较分析

中美两国污水处理规模大、碳排放基数高,污泥的处理与处置是污水处理厂碳排放的重要组成部分,合理的污泥管理策略是未来污水厂碳减排的关键。实地调研了中美6个大型典型污水处理厂的污泥处理设施和污泥处置路径,分析了中美两国不同典型的污泥处理处置工艺能量回收和碳排放的表现特征。结果表明:在不考虑碳补偿的情况下,中美6个污水处理厂中,华东A(中温厌氧消化+脱水+填埋/土地利用)、华东B(脱水+填埋/焚烧)、华东C(脱水+焚烧)、Hyperion(高温厌氧消化+脱水+农用)、OCSD(中温厌氧消化+脱水+农用)和Blue plains(热水解+中温厌氧消化+脱水+农用)的污泥处理处置路线的碳足迹分别为1410,1881,1914,471,402,405 kgCO₂/t DS。考虑能源回收和资源化利用产生的碳补偿效果,中美6厂污泥处理处置的净碳排放分别为984,1681,1941,-183,-240,-315 kgCO₂/t DS。中美6个污水厂碳补偿率分别为30.2%、10.6%、0%、138.9%、159.7%和177.9%。污泥厌氧消化和产物土地资源化利用是碳减排的关键,提升污泥有机质含量能够强化碳补偿效应,该研究结果可为我国污水处理厂低碳转型、污泥处理处置的无害化、减量化和低碳化提供参考。     

我国厨余垃圾资源化技术的多维绩效评价

随着我国大力推动生活垃圾分类管理工作,厨余垃圾的资源化利用受到越来越多关注.厨余垃圾资源化技术已有包括厌氧消化处理、好氧生物处理和昆虫饲料转化等类型,但在已有应用案例中存在资源化程度低、环境影响显著和经济效益差等诸多问题,缺乏技术绩效的系统化分析和综合性评价.为此,研究面向厨余垃圾资源化技术应用的全生命周期过程,构建了资源效率、环境影响、经济可行和社会效应的多维绩效评价指标体系(包括21项指标),以我国的14项典型技术应用项目为案例开展定量化综合评价研究.结果表明,厌氧消化和昆虫饲料转化处理技术的得分分别为58.39分和59.65分,高于好氧生物处理(49.16分);按细分技术类型,集中式黑水虻转化和中温湿式厌氧工艺得分较高,分别为67.14分和60.82分.按技术的处理规模和设施分布方式,集中式处理技术在资源效率和经济效益维度上分别比分散式技术高出13%和62%;分散式处理技术在环境影响和社会效应维度上比集中式高出8%和34%.在厨余垃圾资源化实践中,应结合当地的厨余垃圾理化性质、生活垃圾分类收集工作推进情况、财政承担能力和收运距离等多因素综合考量,因地制宜的选择适宜技术路线.     

干法厌氧消化在有机垃圾处理中的应用

目前生活垃圾中含有大量可利用的有机垃圾,其在厌氧条件下可消化产生沼气,有机垃圾直接填埋会造成可再生能源的浪费.提出了干法厌氧消化工艺,干法压氧消化器越来越多用于可再生能源作物材料产出沼气上.同时分析了各种控制参数对于法消化运行的影响及干法消化适用的领域.     

Environmental impact assessment of total chlorine free pulp from Eucalyptus globulus in Spain

Pulp industry plays an important role in the structure of European economy and society. Paper pulp manufacture, the industrial utilization of plant biomass, is increasing every year. In Spain, Eucalyptus is the dominant raw material and the Kraft cooking and total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching processes lead the procedures of Eucalyptus paper pulp production. This paper aims to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated to Eucalyptus TCF pulp manufacture by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an analytical tool. The system has been defined using a cradle-to-gate perspective, that is to say from forest activities to the exit gate of the pulp mill. The production of chemicals consumed in the cooking and bleaching stages as well as the on-site energy production system is the elements that contribute the most to all impact categories analyzed (more than 50% of total contributions), except for the eutrophication potential where forest activities and waste treatment play an important roles (about 52% of total). Specific actions associated to the recovery boiler, lime kiln and digestion stage could considerably reduce the environmental impact and improve the environmental performance of the Spanish paper pulp industry.     

Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes

Evaluating both new and existing processes for primary metal production to assess their environmental impacts is often difficult due to the many inputs and outputs involved. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that can be used for such purposes to identify those parts of the metal production life cycle that have significant environmental impacts. LCA has been used by CSIRO Minerals to assess the “cradle-to-gate” environmental impacts of a number of metal production processes practised either currently or potentially in Australia. The metals considered included copper, nickel, aluminium, lead, zinc, steel, stainless steel and titanium, by both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes in some instances. The environmental profile included greenhouse and acid rain gas emissions, solid waste emissions and gross energy consumption. The results for various metals are compared in this paper. New process technologies for primary metal production can be expected to reduce the environmental impacts of metal production, and estimates of likely reductions for technologies involving stainless steel, titanium and aluminium are also presented in this paper.     

Eco-labelling of wild-caught seafood products

Several eco-labels for wild-caught seafood have been developed during the last decade. This article describes and analyses the criteria applied by four different eco-labelling schemes for seafood products from capture fisheries, and discusses the criteria in terms of environmental impacts, based on the ISO 14040 standard for life cycle assessment.It is concluded that the most widespread eco-label, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), mainly addresses the fishing stage, in particular the overexploitation of marine resources. LCA studies confirm that the fishing stage represents the most significant environmental burden, but energy consumption and emissions of anti-fouling agents at the fishing or harvesting stage contribute with significant impacts that are not being addressed by international labelling initiatives for wild-caught seafood.LCA studies show that significant environmental impacts are related to the life cycle stages after landing. This includes fish processing, transport, cooling and packaging (especially for highly processed seafood products). Hence, another challenge would be to include criteria related to the post-landing consumption of energy, certain materials and chemicals, waste handling and wastewater emissions. Minimizing product losses throughout the product chain would also be an important area for future criteria in order to avoid fishing at high environmental costs only to produce something that is later wasted.The analysis shows that the Swedish KRAV is the only one that currently addresses a range of issues that include energy and chemicals in the whole life cycle of the products. International initiatives such as MSC cover fish products from many parts of the world emphasizing ‘overexploitation of fish resources’. It is recommended, however, that international initiatives such as MSC develop criteria related to energy use and chemicals – at least at the fishing stage. Over time, other life cycle stages could be addressed as well to the extent that this is manageable.