紧密型栅栏对风沙流影响的实验研究

开展了紧密型栅栏阻沙的野外观测实验,探讨栅栏对风沙流粒度组成及输沙量的影响。结果表明:受栅栏影响风沙流中大粒径沙粒含量降低,小颗粒含量增加;沙粒越过栅栏继续随气流运动的能力与其粒径相关,以0.1mm~0.075mm粒径穿越能力最强,随着粒径的增大或减小这种能力逐渐减弱;粒径1mm的沙粒则很难通过栅栏;沙粒沉积主要发生在在栅栏前端,以粒径0.1mm沙粒为主,占沉积沙土总量的80%强。     

巨桉林下不同粒径的土壤团聚体速效磷分布研究

选取3.5年生巨桉林地下纯林、林果和林粮三种不同土地模式的土壤进行研究,同时与弃耕地土壤进行参照对比,采用野外调查和室内实验分析相结合的方法,分析了不同巨桉林地模式下土壤速效磷含量的分布特征。结果表明,在土壤团聚体组成中,0.25—0.5mm团聚体所占比例最小的为纯林,2—5mm团聚体在土壤团聚体组成中所占比例最大的为林果,巨桉林地模式下0.25mm的微团聚体组成比例较弃耕地所占比例小,相反0.25mm的大粒径团聚体累积含量更高;不同模式对土壤速效磷含量及分布的影响存在一定差异性,速效磷含量从大到小为弃耕地林果林粮纯林;弃耕地在各粒径土壤团聚体中的速效磷含量与其他三种林地模式相比差异极显著,其他三种林地模式在0.25mm、1—2mm团聚体平均速效磷含量中的差异不显著;四种模式各粒径土壤团聚体与土壤速效磷含量的相关性为:0.5—1mm、1—2mm、5—7mm粒径土壤团聚体速效磷含量与土壤中速效磷含量呈现极显著相关,0.25—0.5mm、2—5mm粒径土壤团聚体速效磷含量与土壤中速效磷含量呈现显著相关。     

高风速下沙粒跃移跃距的实验研究

跃距是颗粒运动的重要参数之一,沙粒跃距的实验研究对沙粒跃移理论研究有重要的参考意义.由于高风速下沙粒跃移轨迹平缓,飞行距离较长,因而,高风速下沙粒跃距的实验研究很少.通过对沙粒跃移特点进行分析,提出同时采用水平集沙仪和垂直集沙仪观测沙粒跃距的方法,并采用该方法对高风速下沙粒跃距进行野外观测研究.结果表明,沙粒跃距随粒径减小呈指数规律增大,沙粒粒径与运动方式转换趋势与前人研究结果基本一致,说明该方法测量沙粒跃距是可行的.     

海洋沉积物中石油类污染物动态释放的实验研究

以海洋沉积物为研究对象,通过动态模拟实验研究了海洋沉积物中石油类污染物释放的影响因素及各条件下上覆水体中污染物浓度随时间的变化规律。实验结果表明,海洋沉积物中石油类污染物释放强度与沉积物土壤颗粒是否悬起有关,当土壤颗粒大量悬起时污染物释放强度得到显著提高;上覆水体盐度的增加抑制了石油类污染物的释放;海洋沉积物在一定的受污染范围内,随着受污染程度的增加,石油类污染物的释放强度会随之增加;上覆水体中石油类污染物的浓度与反应物的固液比成正相关。     

人工沸石对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸脱附的实验研究

采用单变量法研究了人工沸石对Cr3+的最佳吸附粒径、最佳吸附反应条件和吸附动力学。结果表明,在Cr3+初始浓度为20mg/L、沸石投放量为10g/L时,最佳粒径为80目;在Cr3+初始浓度为50mg/L、沸石投放量为10g/L时,最佳振荡时间为70min;Cr3+浓度在20～70mg/L范围内时,人工沸石饱和吸附量随Cr3+的初始浓度增加而增加,二者近似于指数关系;人工沸石吸附Cr3+的过程主要为化学吸附,受表面扩散和颗粒内扩散过程控制。脱附实验表明洗脱性价比最佳的洗脱剂(NaCl)浓度为10g/L,洗脱微振荡-静置沉降最佳时间分布为:微振荡10min,静置沉降50min,洗脱两次后吸附效率下降25%～30%。     

成都市温江边界层风场特征的研究

着眼于成都地区污染气象特征,利用温江2004年~2012年的地面观测资料及同期的探空资料,对该地区风场的统计特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)从风频而言,温江地面风春、夏、秋3季均以偏北风为主,冬季则以东北风为主,因此,全年的主导风为偏北风。(2)从风速而言,区域静风和小风频率较高,占全年的68.7%;近10年来,温江年和4季的平均风速均呈现出减小趋势。(3)基于修正的帕斯奎尔稳定度分级法,利用幂指数律公式拟合了风随高度的变化,发现风廓线指数比国标值偏高,并随稳定度的增加而增大。(4)风速、稳定度联合频率的大值区主要出现在风速小于3m/s、稳定度为D~E类。上述研究成果对区域大气环境规划和工程治理具有重要的参考价值。     

四川盆地大气层结变化及其对雾霾天气影响的个例研究

四川盆地是全国人口最集中且周边地势起伏最大的区域之一,以石化燃料为主要能源,排放量较大,是我国4大雾霾高发地之一,研究四川盆地大气层结对雾霾天气的影响十分重要。利用中国气象科学数据共享网提供的高空探测资料,分析1980~2012年成都地区大气层结的分布和变化特征研究结果表明,成都地区近30年平均大气层结特征总体表现为:年平均温度随高度呈""型变化,表现为先减小后增大的变化特征。温度在地面时最大,在100h Pa附近最小;年平均温度露点差总体呈上升的变化趋势,在925h Pa以下近地面夜间平均温度露点差远高于白天;年平均风速在近地面最小约为3.5m/s,同时随高度逐渐增加。在200h Pa附近达到最大值,随后逐渐减小。在50h Pa高度以上高空风速维持在10m/s左右。在2005年12月的雾霾天气个例中,四川盆地东部连续4天出现了重度雾霾,各日14时能见度均低于2km,日较差不高于5℃,在对此次雾霾天气发生过程的观测中发现在700h Pa附近有逆温层的出现,同时在雾霾发展中期500h Pa~700h Pa间相对湿度较大;在2013年1月7日~16日的雾霾天气个例中,发现在500h Pa~700h Pa之间存在有明显扰动逆温,700h Pa以下相对湿度较大。总的来说,四川盆地雾霾天气常发生在冬季,在雾霾天气发生前期具有大气层结偏稳定,相对湿度较大,风速较小,近地面易出现逆温层等特征;在雾霾天气发生中期,逆温层的强度明显增强,相对湿度增大;雾霾天气后期,随着风速增加或降雨等大气层结的不稳定变化,雾霾天气过程结束。     

攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿冶炼废渣中重金属钒元素活动性研究

本文通过模拟动态淋滤浸出实验,采用ICP-AES等分析方法,研究了钒钛磁铁矿冶炼废渣中的重金属钒在淋溶过程中具有潜在的地球化学活动性。获得主要结论如下:动态浸出实验的7个周期过程中的浸出液pH值一直保持在碱性范围内。随着时间的推移,浸出液pH值有减小趋势,浸出介质的pH值的变化对浸出液的pH值的影响不大,浸出液pH值的变化幅度随着粒径的增大而增大。在酸性条件下,pH值对钒的浸出影响不大,在中性或者碱性条件下,会在前期抑制钢铁冶炼废渣中钒的浸出。4种溶液的浸提效果从强到弱依次为碳酸钠、氯化钠、EDTA、高纯水。而以0.1M的Na2CO3(pH 11.38)为浸出介质所测得的浸出液中重金属钒的浓度和累积浸出率最大,和其他5种浸出液相比,高出了两个数量级。3种废渣粒径(<0.5mm,0.5~1.0mm,1.0~10.0mm)的废渣浸出液中钒的浓度和累积浸提率从高到低依次为0.5~1.0mm、1.0~10.0mm、<0.5mm。     

西宁市春季大气降尘的初步分析

文章采用X射线衍射仪对西宁市大气降尘的矿物组成进行分析,初步确定西宁市大气降尘的矿物中含有石英、长石、方解石、白云母、白云石、绿泥石,同时也检测到石膏、石盐、文石和六水泻盐。物相分析结果表明,西宁市大气降尘的主要来源为地面扬尘、建筑扬尘、工业尘及在大气环境中新生成的矿物和远距离传输的矿物;激光粒度仪分析结果表明,西宁市大气降尘粒径大于10μm的颗粒占到全部降尘的78.25%~83.15%;扫描电镜形貌观察表明,西宁大气降尘具有规则或不规则的片状、长条状、颗粒状和球状。     

舟山群岛表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物分布特征与物源指示

通过对舟山群岛表层沉积物样品的粒度分析和黏土矿物含量测定，研究了表层沉积物的粒度分布特征及黏土矿物组成。利用Flemming三角图示法分析了研究区域的沉积动力环境，并探讨了沉积物的物质来源。结果表明，舟山群岛表层沉积物共有5种类型，其中粉砂含量最高，呈片状广泛分布于舟山群岛东部宽阔海域；研究区表层沉积物分选性较差，以正偏为主；沉积物样品在Flemming三角图上投影显示，粉砂沉积物集中在D-Ⅱ,E-Ⅱ,E-Ⅲ区，砂质粉砂等沉积物零星分布在D-Ⅱ,C-Ⅱ及S区，表明研究区沉积物整体粒径较细、岛屿间水动力较强，开阔水域水动力较弱。研究区黏土矿物中伊利石为优势矿物，质量分数均值为61.5%;其次为绿泥石，质量分数均值为15.0%;高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少，质量分数均值分别为12.7%和10.9%。黏土矿物组合类型以伊利石 绿泥石 高岭石 蒙脱石为主，伊利石 绿泥石 蒙脱石 高岭石次之，具有类长江型沉积物特征。舟山群岛表层沉积物以陆源成因为主，物质来源以长江为主、浙江河流入海输沙以及舟山群岛岩石风化产物为补充。     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

Experimental investigation on effect of an absorber plate covered by a layer of sand on the efficiency of passive solar air collector

A passive flat-plate solar air collector was constructed in the laboratory of New and Renewable Energy in Arid Zones, Ouargla University, South East Algeria. The absorber of the passive flat-plate solar air collector was laminated with a thin layer of local sand. This acted as a thermal packed bed with a collecting area of 0.5 m² (1 m × 0.5 m). Three series of experiments were performed. The first consisted of choosing the best sand brought from three different places of the Algerian desert. The second consisted of studying the effect of the thickness of the sand layer on the daily efficacy of the collector. The influence of the sand diameter was investigated in the third series. The experimental results showed that: All collectors covered with sand had higher efficiency than those without. It was noticed that, for a fixed mass of sand (given thickness of the sand layer), the improvement of the collector was inversely proportional to the sand particle diameters. The maximum efficiency approximates 62.1% for a particle diameter 0.063 mm, compared to 41.71% for a diameter 0.250 mm.The efficiency of the collector for a fixed particle diameter increases with the increase in the thickness of the sand layer. The collector with thickness sand layer 0.84 mm gave the best efficiency of 46.14% compared to 27.8% for 0.28 mm of thickness sand layer.     

LAKE SHORE PROTECTION AGAINST WIND-GENERATED WAVES1

ABSTRACT: A method is reported for estimating the height of wind waves in any lake for a given wind condition. Maximum wind speeds from five climatological stations in and around Ilinois for the period of 1950–1972 were analyzed and the maximum wind speed for various durations and return periods were presented. Statistical analysis of wind wave data collected from Carlyle Lake indicated the Rayleigh distribution fitted the wave height distribution reasonably well and that the nondimensional energy spectra followed the (f/f_m)^-5 rule in the equilibrium range of frequencies. From a consideration of various forces and physical properties of riprap particles and water, a relationship was developed to estimate the stable weight of riprap particles. A practical design criteria is proposed to stabilize lake shores against wind waves.     

大型吹砂吹尘综合环境试验系统工程实现及应用

本文介绍了大型吹砂吹尘综合试验系统的设备构成和系统设计应考虑的关键技术。阐述了主要功能和技术指标,论述了砂尘浓度、试验段风速、试验段温度和相对湿度等主要试验参数的调节技术,并给出了应用结果。能够为大型吹砂环境试验设备的设计和试验应用提供参考借鉴。     

Transport of gellan gum microbeads through sand: an experimental evaluation for encapsulated cell bioaugmentation

Transport of 10-40 microm gellan gum microbeads was studied in horizontal sand columns to evaluate the feasibility of using gel-encapsulated bacteria for bioaugmentation of contaminated aquifers. Three 5.2 x 110 cm columns were packed with sand (column A: 0.5-2 mm, column B: 0.25-2 mm, and column C: 0.125-2 mm). Microbeads in artificial groundwater were injected at 0.5 l h(-1) during intermittent 12-h periods. Breakthrough of microbeads increased with injection time, varying as a descending function of travel distance. After 72 h of injection, about 75% of injected microbeads were dispersed across a 5-110 cm distance from the inlet in column A, compared to 78% across a 5-50 cm in column B, and 76% across a 5-20 cm in column C. The wider dispersion of microbeads across the length of column A, compared to those observed in columns B and C, suggests a higher potential for the formation of a uniform bioactive zone of encapsulated cells across a sandy aquifer with such grain size distribution and hydrodynamic properties.     

BEDLOAD TRANSPORT IN AN OREGON COAST RANGE STREAM1

Bedload transport was measured with two sampler types (vortex tube and Helley-Smith pressure differential) for three major storms at Flynn Creek, which drains a 2.2-km² forested watershed in the Oregon Coast Range. The largest flow during two winters of monitoring had a peak discharge of 0.79 m³ s^-1 km^-2, with an associated recurrence interval of ? 1.3 yr. The median particle diameter of sediment in transport was generally < 1 mm. The vortex tube and its associated sample box were relatively inefficient at trapping particles < 10 mm in diameter; however, even after transport rates were adjusted to account for sampling deficiencies of the sample box, they still averaged 42–47 percent of those obtained with the Helley-Smith sampler. Organic matter and sand sized sediments in transport also were observed to partially plug the 0.2-mm-mesh bag of the Helley-Smith sampler. Large temporal variability in bedload transport rates was measured during periods of high flow.     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE LOXAIIATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to examine the effects of wind speed, wind direction, freshwater inflow, and tide height on suspended solid concentration and distribution in the Loxahatchee estuary, Florida. Recent efforts to increase freshwater flows in this system raised concerns that suspended solid concentrations would increase as well, which might result in negative impacts for the estuary. The data indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) in the estuary are derived primarily from the inlet and not from freshwater tributaries. In addition, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids were correlated strongly with salinity, suggesting that suspended sediments act conservatively throughout this system. No one environmental factor had an overwhelming influence on suspended solid concentration throughout the estuary; different regions of the estuary were influenced by different factors. Freshwater inflow was negatively related to TSS in the upper reaches of the estuary but was positively related to TSS in the central embayment region of the estuary. We attribute this latter finding to the fact that extremely high inflows both prevented the normal transport upstream of tidal borne suspended sediments and promoted mixing when the freshwater front moving downstream confronted the tidal front moving upstream. Wind speed, wind direction, and tide height had relatively small effects on TSS concentration but were most influential in reaches upstream of the central embayment, where tidal velocity begins to diminish.