南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4排放通量,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季2个月内CH4的排放总量.结果表明在晴好天气条件下,苔藓土壤CH4排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下,CH4通量变化无规则,存在较大的时空变化,且与温度的响应关系不明显;苔藓土壤CH4通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度,同时还受降水的影响.苔藓土壤吸收CH4总量为0.6653×102kg;地衣土壤吸收CH4总量为0.7603×102kg.由此可见,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4汇的作用.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2 O源的作用     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2O的排放通量,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季2个月内N₂O的排放总量.结果表明:在晴天和雨天,苔藓土壤N₂O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系,呈现单峰型变化趋势;但在雪天,与温度的变化不一致;苔藓、地衣这2种不同的植被土壤N2O排放通量日变化基本一致;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子,同时还受降水的影响,干湿交替有利于N2O的排放;苔藓土壤N₂O的排放总量为3.7152kg;地衣土壤N₂O的排放总量为2.5344kg.由此可见,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N₂O排放量虽然很小,但仍起着大气N₂O源的作用.     

不同施氮处理下旱作农田土壤CH_4、N_2O气体排放特征研究

依托甘肃农业大学布设在定西市李家堡镇的长期施氮定位实验,对不同施氮农田CH4和N2O气体通量,采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行小麦生育期的连续观测,并对影响通量变化的环境因子同期观测.结果表明:5个施氮处理下(0、52.5、105、157.5、210 kg·hm-2),旱作农田土壤在小麦全生育期内表现为CH4累积通量的汇和N2O累积通量的源;且不施氮处理时,CH4累积吸收通量最大;施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤CH4的累积吸收通量所受抑制最大,即土壤CH4累积吸收通量随施氮量升高而降低.相反,不施氮处理时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最小,施氮量为210 kg·hm-2时,土壤N2O的累积排放通量最大,土壤N2O累积排放通量随施氮量的增加而增大.综合分析,施氮量增大会抑制全生育期旱作春小麦田土壤CH4吸收通量,提高土壤N2O的排放通量.因此,合理控制施氮量有利于生育期旱作农田土壤减排.CH4平均吸收通量随土壤温度的升高而降低,随土壤水分的升高而升高;相反,N2O平均排放通量随土壤温度的升高而升高,随土壤水分的升高而降低.5~10 cm层次的土壤温度与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性负相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著正相关.5~10 cm层次的土壤水分与CH4平均吸收通量呈极显著线性正相关,与N2O平均排放通量呈显著负相关.     

黔中非农业土壤CH_4的地-气交换及其影响因素

利用密闭箱-气相色谱法在2006~2007年对黔中地区退耕荒草地、灌丛、马尾松林和阔叶林土壤甲烷的交换通量进行原位观测。结果表明:亚热带喀斯特非农业土壤是大气CH4的一个吸收汇,相同植被条件下,淋溶石灰土吸收的CH4高于黄壤,而不同植被条件下土壤CH4的交换通量则因土壤类型的不同而有差异。土壤CH4交换通量的季节变化总体趋势表现为两个吸收峰,主要的吸收峰在温度较低的12月至次年2月,另一个较弱的吸收峰在7月至9月。统计分析表明,当温度<10℃时,土壤温度是影响土壤CH4吸收的主要控制因素;温度>10℃时,0~5 cm的土壤水分成为控制土壤CH4吸收的主要因素。     

崇明东滩芦苇湿地温室气体排放通量及其影响因素

通过静态箱-气相色谱法对崇明东滩芦苇群落在生长周期内的3种温室气体——CH4、N2O和CO2的排放、吸收特征进行研究.结果表明:芦苇群落湿地CH4排放通量受温度影响较大,夏季排放通量明显高于其他季节,年均排放通量为74.46μg/(m2·h);N2O年均排放通量为2.22μg/(m2·h),冬季排放通量最大;CO2的吸收率季节变化明显,年均排放通量为-101.93mg/(m2·h).温度、芦苇植株光合作用及呼吸作用是影响CH4产生和排放的主要因素;而沉积物氮素不足和限制,则是促使芦苇群落表现出对N2O吸收的原因;芦苇的光合作用及土壤呼吸作用随温度和季节的变化是控制芦苇湿地CO2的排放和吸收的主要因素.芦苇植株发达的通气组织是CH4和N2O由大气向沉积物扩散的通道,同时分子扩散过程也是沉积物产生的CH4、N2O和CO2扩散到大气中的途径和方式.     

碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量及影响因素研究

2008年4月至10月,以辽河口碱蓬湿地为研究区域,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,分析了碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量的季节变化特征,同时研究了地表温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬的地上生物量对排放通量的影响。结果表明,碱蓬湿地是CH4的排放源,CH4排放呈单峰型变化趋势,7月排放通量最大为55.29μg/(m2.h)。CH4排放通量与土壤温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量密切相关。CH4排放通量与地表温度之间呈显著的指数相关关系;土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量的变化与CH4排放通量的季节变化呈二次正相关关系。     

内蒙古大针茅草原的N_2O和CH_4通量变化特征

利用透光密闭箱对内蒙古半干旱典型草原大针茅草原土壤-植被系统温室气体N2O和CH4通量在不同年份进行了较长期的原位观测研究.结果表明,大针茅草地作为大气N2O的源和CH4的汇而起作用,N2O与CH4的排放强度分别为(1.37~16.33μg/(m2·h)和-227~-1μg/(m2·h), N2O和CH4的通量具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,并且主要的环境因子(温度、水分)对其有重要影响.N2O通量的季节变化特征表现为:夏>秋>春>冬;CH4通量的季节变化特征表现为:春>夏>秋>冬.     

环境因素对芦苇湿地CH4排放的影响

用封闭式箱法对辽河三角洲芦苇湿地温室气体CH4 排放进行了长期观测 .结果表明 ,CH4 排放有明显的季节变化规律 ,平均通量为 52 0 μg·m- 2 ·h- 1.土壤产CH4 活性主要发生在 0～ 5cm土层中 ,并随土层深度的增加而显著下降 .CH4 排放受环境因素影响很大 ,土壤氧化还原电位在 -1 1 0mV时就有CH4 排放 ,其排放量随氧化还原电位的下降而增加 .另外 ,随着淹水深度的增加 ,CH4 排放反而减少 .在测定期内 ,CH4 排放与温度呈明显的正相关 (R2 =0 1 96,n =2 1 ,P <0 .0 5) .     

施氮强度对不同土壤有机碳水平桉树林温室气体通量的影响

施氮或氮沉降对土壤温室气体通量影响已有比较深入的研究,但施氮对不同有机碳水平的土壤温室气体通量影响及其差异的研究较少.本研究以我国南方广泛种植的桉树人工林为对象,采用野外控制实验和室内分析,比较研究4种施氮处理(对照C:0 kg·hm-2;低氮L:84.2 kg·hm-2;中氮M:166.8 kg·hm-2;高氮H:333.7 kg·hm-2)对土壤有机碳水平存在显著性差异的2块桉树林样地土壤-大气界面温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响.结果表明:1施氮对CO2和N2O排放通量有明显"激发效应",氮肥施用一个月后各个施氮处理土壤CO2和N2O排放通量出现最大值,随着时间推移至生长季后期CO2和N2O排放通量逐渐降低,差异逐渐缩小.施氮对CH4吸收通量的影响不显著(P>0.05).2施氮强度和土壤有机碳水平均显著促进了CO2和N2O排放(P<0.001),但对CH4吸收没有显著影响(P>0.05);高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量显著高于低水平土壤有机碳样地(P<0.01).3施氮和土壤有机碳水平对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05).与低土壤有机碳水平样地比较,高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量对施氮更为敏感:低氮水平就能显著促进CO2和N2O的排放.上述结果表明:施氮对桉树林温室气体排放通量的影响既与施氮强度有关,也与土壤有机碳水平密切相关.估算不同施氮水平下的温室气体通量变化时,由土壤有机碳不同带来的温室气体通量差异不可忽视.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.