单独与混合暴露条件下褶纹冠蚌对Cu、Zn的积累与分布

采用室内模拟方法,在单独与混合暴露条件下研究了褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)对Cu、Zn的积累与分布特征.结果表明:褶纹冠蚌对水环境中的Cu、Zn具有良好的积累能力,持续暴露8d内,体内各组织重金属积累量基本呈线性上升,其中鳃与外套积累速率最快(p<0.05).Cu在褶纹冠蚌鳃、内脏团和生殖腺中的积累速率与Zn之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),且Cu、Zn之间在各组织中的积累拮抗作用明显.暴露前,Cu含量在褶纹冠蚌体内依次为:生殖腺>外套、内脏团>鳃、足>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为10倍左右;Zn含量依次为:鳃>内脏团>生殖腺>足、外套>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为4倍左右.暴露后,外套和鳃对Cu、Zn的积累量最高,且Cu、Zn含量在不同组织间的变化幅度明显增加.暴露前后,Cu含量在不同组织间的变化幅度均高于Zn.不同暴露条件下,褶纹冠蚌不同组织对Zn的浓缩系数(BCF)明显高于Cu.     

Identifying factors that influence soil heavy metals by using categorical regression analysis: A case study in Beijing,China

A method was proposed to identify the main influence factors of soil heavy metals. The influence degree of different environmental factors was ranked. Parent material, soil type, land use and industrial activity were main factors. Interactions between some factors obviously affected soil heavy metal distribution. Identifying the factors that influence the heavy metal contents of soil could reveal the sources of soil heavy metal pollution. In this study, a categorical regression was used to identify the factors that influence soil heavy metals. First, environmental factors were associated with soil heavy metal data, and then, the degree of influence of different factors on the soil heavy metal contents in Beijing was analyzed using a categorical regression. The results showed that the soil parent material, soil type, land use type, and industrial activity were the main influencing factors, which suggested that these four factors were important sources of soil heavy metals in Beijing. In addition, population density had a certain influence on the soil Pb and Zn contents. The distribution of soil As, Cd, Pb, and Zn was markedly influenced by interactions, such as traffic activity and land use type, industrial activity and population density. The spatial distribution of soil heavy metal hotspots corresponded well with the influencing factors, such as industrial activity, population density, and soil parent material. In this study, the main factors affecting soil heavy metals were identified, and the degree of their influence was ranked. A categorical regression represents a suitable method for identifying the factors that influence soil heavy metal contents and could be used to study the genetic process of regional soil heavy metal pollution.     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析，研究了植物大气环境污染指数，探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明，植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重，在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区；用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况；利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化，为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

北京市地面街尘与径流中重金属的污染特征（Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dusts and Urban Runoff in Beijing）

街尘作为城市各种污染物的载体和地表径流污染物的主要来源对水环境的影响日益受到关注.论文分析了北京市城区街尘与地表径流中重金属浓度和颗粒的粒径分布.结果表明:不同城市土地利用类型对街尘和径流中的重金属含量、颗粒粒径分布具有重要影响.在商业区、主要道路、住宅区、城中村4种土地利用类型中,街尘重金属浓度和地面单位面积重金属质量均以主要道路最高;径流重金属浓度由高到低顺序依次为:主要道路>城中村>居民区;主要道路和商业区街尘颗粒中细粒径占的比例较高,在全部土地利用类型的径流水样中颗粒物粒径分布差别不大;随着街尘中颗粒物粒径的减小,重金属浓度增加;街尘中小于149μm的颗粒物质量百分比和重金属浓度均较高,且在径流中这个粒径段的颗粒物含量也高,体积比达80%以上.建议在今后的城市街尘面源污染控制中应特别关注土地利用类型和街尘粒径的影响.     

不同使用年限蔬菜大棚土壤重金属含量变化

调查了 1、5、8、1 1a棚龄蔬菜大棚土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量。结果表明 :同一使用年限的蔬菜大棚 0～ 40cm土层内重金属元素含量差异很小 ;与棚外土壤相比 ,除 1a棚龄的土壤外 ,多数土壤重金属含量随大棚使用年限的延长而有所增加 ;研究地区的蔬菜大棚土壤尚未发生重金属污染超标现象 ;大量施肥 (复合肥 )可能是导致蔬菜大棚土壤中重金属含量升高的主要原因     

洞庭湖主要入湖口表层沉积物重金属分布特征与生态风险评价

尽管针对洞庭湖沉积物中重金属的研究工作较多,但缺乏针对其主要入湖口的研究。基于2014年12月和2015年6月对洞庭湖主要入湖口表层沉积物中重金属调查,分析了重金属含量的时空分布特征,并采用一致性沉积物质量基准法对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为3.27、0.190、27.10、39.8、38.0和157.8 mg·kg-1,其大小顺序为ZnCuPbAsCdHg,Cd和As含量出现超过土壤环境质量三级标准的现象,是主要的重金属污染物。Cd、As、Pb和Zn等4种重金属含量的最高值均出现在湘江入湖口,Cu含量的最高值出现在资水入湖口,Hg含量以沅江入湖口最高,除Pb外,其他5种重金属在湘江和资水入湖口的含量均大于平均值,表明湘江和资水入湖口污染较为严重;汛期与非汛期6种重金属的含量均无显著性差异(P0.05)。6种重金属生态风险大小顺序为AsCdZnPbCuHg,各入湖口生态风险大小顺序为湘江入湖口资水入湖口沅江入湖口汨罗江入湖口澧水入湖口长江"三口"新墙河入湖口,其中湘江和资水入湖口为较高生态风险,其他入湖口为较低生态风险。入湖河流是洞庭湖湖体沉积物重金属污染的主要来源,在一定程度上,入湖河流沉积物中重金属的含量对洞庭湖湖体沉积物中重金属污染状况起着决定性作用,因此,洞庭湖流域重金属污染防控应以入湖河流为主,其中尤以湘江和资水为重点。     

Heavy Metals in Macroalgae of Havana's Northern Littoral,Cuba

Copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc contents were determined in various phyla of macroalgae typical of the rocky mesolittoral zone of Cuba and widely distributed in the Caribbean Region. the samples were collected in different zones along the shores of Havana City which are more or less influenced by anthropogenic activities. Differences in metal contents were observed due to seasonal variations and differences between sampling sites. of the analyzed species, only one brown alga, Padina vickersiae is considered as a suitable candidate for the monitoring of metal contamination.     

城市道路植物圆柏叶片重金属含量及其与滞尘的关系

为研究植物叶片重金属含量与滞尘之间的关系,对青岛市区道路绿化树种——圆柏（Sabinachinensis）叶片中Pb、zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属含量及其滞尘特征进行了系统分析,并在此基础上探讨了两者之间的关系。结果表明：不同距离和高度处的叶片Pb、Zn含量差异显著,与距离和高度呈负相关关系;叶片Cu含量与高度负相关,与距离相关性不显著;Cd含量则与距离和高度均没有显著相关关系。距离和高度对滞尘量有显著影响,而两者的交互作用对滞尘量的影响不显著,随着距离和高度的增加滞尘量逐渐减少。叶面尘中Pb、Zn含量空间分布差异较大,而Cu、Cd含量分布差异不显著。叶片重金属含量与相对应的叶面尘重金属含量之间具有显著正相关关系,除Cd以外叶片重金属含量与滞尘量之间也表现出不同程度的正相关关系。     

贵阳市中心城区土壤重金属污染现状及其评价

以贵阳市中心城区五大功能区(工业区、商业区、行政区、文教区、居民区)的土壤为对象,研究土壤中重金属(Hg、As、Cu、Cr和Zn)污染的特征,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗(N.L.Neiow)综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染现状进行了检测与初步评价,Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价法评价了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害,其结...     

Metals in Zooplankton from the Baltic Sea, 1980-84

Between 1980 and 1984, plankton was collected for metal analysis during four expeditions in the Baltic Sea. for comparison, samples from adjacent areas of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean were also taken. the mixed net-plankton samples were analyzed by AAS for metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu. Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). the results are discussed with regard to spatial and temporal trends and for comparison with data from other authors. Correlations among the contents of the different metals and between the metal contents and 'external factors' including salinity, season, percentage of co-collected phytoplankton, and concentration of dissolved and particulate metals in the water are considered.

There is a tendency for higher metal contents in plankton from the brackish Baltic Sea (Al, Mn and Hg), while other metals (e.g. Cd) show higher levels in samples taken from the marine environment. Except for mercury, no clear correlations could be found between the metal content in plankton and the dissolved concentration of the same metal in the ambient water. Otherwise, the contents of aluminium, iron, manganese and zinc in the suspended particulate matter and in the plankton seem to be partly related to each other.     

太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属污染的总量特征及其区域性差异

选取太湖、巢湖污染较为严重的区域为研究对象,采集季节性沉积物柱状样,以0.5cm的间距高精度分割样品,分析其中的Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn等重金属元素的含量,对沉积物中重金属的总量特征及季节性变化特征进行了分析,得出以下结论:太湖、巢湖沉积物中重金属的总量均呈现出Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu的特征,季节性变化幅度为Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu,重金属元素的地球化学性质对其季节性变化有很大的影响.同时,不同的区域背景差异(如元素丰度、污染状况等)导致了太湖、巢湖采样点沉积物中重金属元素季节性特征的差异.     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响——以武汉墨水湖为例

人类活动使得大量的重金属向水环境中排放,导致了城市湖泊严重的重金属污染.为了研究中国的工业化、城市化发展对城市水体重金属污染的影响,以武汉墨水湖为例,测定了沉积物中几种常见痕量重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr的含量和富集系数,并运用主成分分析对重金属的污染来源进行了初步探讨.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,主要受人为输入的影响;5种重金属在全湖区域上具有比较高的富集系数,尤以排污口为甚,排污口是重金属富集的主要区域.主成分分析表明,Pb可能主要来自于暴雨径流面源,而Cr可能主要来自于工矿企业的点源排放,其他3种金属则有着大小相当的点、面源输入贡献。以上结果表明,城市化和工业化进程已经给城市湖泊带来了很高的重金属污染负荷.     

江苏南通表土、地面灰重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

选取南通市不同功能区表土、地面灰为对象,测试重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr含量,并评价重金属污染水平和潜在生态风险程度.结果表明,表土、地面灰中Pb、Zn、Cu含量较高,污染较为严重,Ni、Cr含量较低,污染较轻.重金属污染顺序为工业区〉商业区〉交通区〉文教区〉住宅区.表土与地面灰重金属物质来源相似,一部分主要来自地壳物质,一部分受人为污染干扰.地面灰的重金属污染水平及潜在风险程度均高于表土,且崇川区工业区、商业区潜在生态风险程度较高,其余地区潜在生态风险程度较低.该项研究可为重金属污染防治提供科学参考.     

北京市典型有机设施蔬菜基地重金属污染特征及风险评估

为研究北京市典型有机设施蔬菜基地重金属污染状况,采用野外调查及室内分析法,选取北京市5个有机设施蔬菜基地中125个土壤样品和77个蔬菜样品进行了Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg含量的检测、统计分析与评价,对土壤重金属含量与土壤理化指标进行了相关分析,研究了重金属在蔬菜中的迁移规律,并结合美国环保署(US EPA)推荐采用的健康风险评价模型,评价由于蔬菜摄入导致的成人和儿童的健康风险。结果表明,5个设施蔬菜基地中有极少数土壤样本Cd含量超标,有极少数叶菜样本Cr含量超标,其他重金属含量均未超标。污染指数评价表明5个基地土壤重金属污染排序为:基地5基地1基地3基地2基地4,主要由土壤Cd累积所致。土壤重金属与理化性质相关性表明,5种重金属含量都受土壤的理化性质影响较大。总体上,5种重金属在土壤-蔬菜中迁移能力排序为:CdHgAsCrPb,在不同类蔬菜中的富集系数排序为:叶菜类茄果类瓜果类豆菜类。5种重金属造成的目标危害系数大小依次为:CdPbAsHgCr,不同类蔬菜的综合重金属目标危害系数值排序为:叶菜类茄果类瓜果类豆菜类,所有蔬菜单一重金属目标危害系数和复合危害系数都远小于1,说明单一重金属和复合重金属污染对成人和儿童都没有明显的负面健康影响。     

Heavy metals alter photosynthetic pigment profiles as well as activities of chlorophyllase and 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in Amaranthus lividus seedlings

Varied concentrations of PbCl2 and CdCl2 in the germinating media reduced the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in primary leaves of Amaranthus lividus seedlings (168 h old). When chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were measured separately, greater loss of chl b than chl a under the identical conditions of heavy metal treatment was observed In addition, the loss of total chlorophyll was more than carotenoids under the same magnitude of heavy metal treatment. The effect of heavy metal treatment at germination stage was further studied on chlorophyll accumulation in primary leaves in relation to the activities of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and chlorophyllase. The activities of ALAD gradually diminished in response to both the heavy metals in a concentration-guided manner, while the activities of chlorophyllase did not exhibit any significant change.     

贵州省典型矿区土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应评估

选取我国贵州省某矿区典型的重金属复合污染土壤开展28 d慢性毒性暴露试验,以蚯蚓体内2种抗氧化酶活性——过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-ODHG)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量为生物指标,评估了以上生物指标与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨该研究方法用于矿区土壤重金属生态风险评估的可行性。结果表明,CAT和SOD在暴露周期内均出现先诱导后抑制的动态响应过程,表明蚯蚓通过提高CAT和SOD的活性来清除机体因污染胁迫而产生的自由基,以适应环境变化,在毒性缓解后,蚯蚓体内代谢产物的积累抑制了抗氧化氢酶活性,CAT和SOD活性下降并趋于稳定。暴露于重金属污染亚致死浓度时,蚯蚓体内的8-OHDG含量随着暴露时间的延长显著降低,随着暴露浓度的增加,损伤存在由低到高的转变。在28 d暴露周期内,蚯蚓体内MT在重金属胁迫下发挥了解毒作用,MT含量在蚯蚓暴露后第7天增加,随后逐渐降低。本文基于生物毒性试验综合评估了矿区典型重金属污染土壤的生态风险,研究结果对指导重金属复合污染土壤的修复与再利用具有重要意义。     

新疆焉耆盆地农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价

为研究新疆焉耆盆地绿洲农田土壤重金属的污染及潜在健康风险,选取194个样点采集土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn共7种重金属元素含量。利用地质累积指数(I_(geo))评价农田土壤污染水平,采用US EPA健康风险评价模型,对农田土壤重金属污染的潜在健康风险进行评估。结果表明,研究区农田土壤7种重金属平均含量均未超出《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》中的限值,但Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.67、1.41、1.30、3.01和6.78倍。农田土壤中Zn呈现轻度污染,Cd与Pb呈现轻微污染,As、Cr、Cu与Ni呈现无污染态势。健康风险评估结果表明,经手-口摄入是研究区农田土壤重金属日均暴露量及健康风险主要途径。农田土壤7种重金属通过3种暴露途径的非致癌风险商(HQ)与非致癌风险指数(HI),单项致癌风险指数(CR)与总致癌风险指数(TCR)均小于安全阈值,属于可接受风险水平。研究区农田土壤重金属对儿童的非致癌风险低于成人,致癌风险高于成人。研究区农田土壤中As与Pb是最主要的非致癌风险因子,As是最主要的致癌风险因子,研究区农田土壤中As对人体的健康风险应当引起重视。     

芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析了不同人类活动方式下芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤镍（Ni）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）含量差异,采用污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和沉积物质量基准（SQG）比较法对湿地土壤重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：6个样地土壤重金属含量只有Cd含量（0．76—3．67mg／kg）显著超过土壤环境质量二级标准（GB15618—1995）;6个样地土壤Cd和Cu含量与塘式水产养殖湿地、网式水产养殖湿地、垃圾倾倒地下游湿地和垃圾倾倒地土壤Pb和Zn含量超过土壤背景值,而6个样地土壤Ni和Cr含量与湖泊底泥和耕地土壤Ph和Zn含量未超标;土壤6种重金属综合污染指数为垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（25．4）〉网式水产养殖湿地（25．3）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（23．1）〉垃圾倾倒地（19．2）〉耕地（8．2）=湖泊底泥（8．2）;土壤6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为网式水产养殖湿地（603．6）〉垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（595．5）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（538．4）〉垃圾倾倒地（439．9）〉耕地（145．6）〉湖泊底泥（136．6）。土壤cd含量高是导致湿地土壤重金属较高污染（Cd单项污染指数占综合污染指数：49％～76％）和存在严重潜在生态风险（Cd单项潜在生态风险指数占综合潜在生态风险指数：88％～96％）的关键元素。基于沉积物质量基准比较法的潜在风险评价结果表明湿地土壤存在M、Cd和Cu污染的中等潜在生态风险。     

Relationship between plant biodiversity and heavy metal bioavailability in grasslands overlying an abandoned mine

Abandoned metal mines in the Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain, are often located in areas of high ecological value. This is true of an abandoned barium mine situated in the heart of a bird sanctuary. Today the area sustains grasslands, interspersed with oakwood formations of Quercus ilex and heywood scrub (Retama sphaerocarpa L.), used by cattle, sheep and wild animals. Our study was designed to establish a relationship between the plant biodiversity of these grasslands and the bioavailability of heavy metals in the topsoil layer of this abandoned mine. We conducted soil chemical analyses and performed a greenhouse evaluation of the effects of different soil heavy metal concentrations on biodiversity. The greenhouse bioassays were run for 6 months using soil samples obtained from the mine polluted with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) and from a control pasture. Soil heavy metal and Na concentrations, along with the pH, had intense negative effects on plant biodiversity, as determined through changes in the Shannon index and species richness. Numbers of grasses, legumes, and composites were reduced, whilst other species (including ruderals) were affected to a lesser extent. Zinc had the greatest effect on biodiversity, followed by Cd and Cu. When we compared the sensitivity of the biodiversity indicators to the different metal content variables, pseudototal metal concentrations determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were the most sensitive, followed by available and soluble metal contents. Worse correlations between biodiversity variables and metal variables were shown by pseudototal contents obtained by plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Our results highlight the importance of using as many different indicators as possible to reliably assess the response shown by plants to heavy metal soil pollution.