用高效菌种处理甲胺磷农药废水

用选育出的一种降解甲胺磷混合菌，在ＳＢＲ反应器中对预处理后的甲胺磷生产废水进行生化处理。结果表明，投加高效菌种后废水的处理效率较未加高效菌种时有明显提高：进水ＣＯＤ为１０００－１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率可达８４％左右，ＢＯＤ去除率为９０％￣９３％，甲胺磷的去除率为８８％－８９％，出水各项指标基本达到国家规定的有机磷农药工业废水排放标准。     

氯氰菊酯废水物化和生化处理的研究

对氯氰菊酯生产废水进行了物化预处理和生化处理试验,物化预处理工艺路线为高温高压氧化法,最佳温度为２２０℃,对庆压力为３．５４ＭＰａ,最佳时间为１ｈ。废水经预处理后,ＣＯＤ从４３１００ｍｇ／Ｌ降至１７３００ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率为６０％;氰含量从３６４０ｍｇ／ＫＬ降至小于１ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率高达９９．９％;出水ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ上升至０．３４。     

多组分电镀污泥酸浸出液中铁的分离

研究了采用Ｐ５０７－煤油－Ｈ２ＳＯ４萃取体系分离电镀污泥酸浸出液中Ｆｅ＾３＋的工艺，确定了从含有多种上金属组分的硫酸溶液中萃取铁的最佳工艺条件以及负载有机相反萃取较优工艺条件，研究结果表明，以Ｐ５０７为萃取剂，硫酸为洗涤剂，经３级萃取、２级洗涤的分馏萃取后，可以从含有多种金属组分的硫酸溶液中分离出９９．９％的铁，其他金属的流失量小于１％，不影响后者的回收，铁在工艺过程中以ＦｅＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ的形式     

絮凝—光氧化法处理染料废水的试验研究

以三氯化铁为絮凝剂，采用絮凝－光氧化二级串联法对模拟活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ染色料废水进行处理试验，取得了脱色率１００％、ＣＤＯＣＲ去除率８０％的效果。该方法具有一次性投药，投药量少，残渣少等优点。     

萃取法处理萤光废水

采用萃取法处理萤光废水，最佳萃取工艺条件如下：ｐＨ为１，废水：萃取剂：稀释剂为２０：２：５。在此工艺条件下，萤光废水ＣＯＤ去除率可达９１％－９８％，色度去除率达９９．８％。萃取剂可再生回用，在萃取相中按萃取剂（包括络合物）的量加入等体积的浓度为２０％的ＮａＯＨ溶液，在９５－１０５℃加热回流５－１０ｍｉｎ，即可使萃取剂得到再生。     

臭氧氧化法处理染料中间体1－氨基蒽醌和DSD酸生产废水

采用臭氧氧化法处理染料中间体１－氨基蒽醌和ＤＳＤ酸生产废水，能改善废水的可生化性，降低废水中有机物的水溶性，提高混凝处理的效率。研究结果表明，在原水ｐＨ条件下，当臭氧投加量为７．５ｇ／Ｌ时，ＤＳＤ酸氧化母液脱色率大于９０％，ＢＯＤ＿５／ＣＯＤ达到０．３。当臭氧投加量为６ｇ／Ｌ时，１－氨基蒽醌废水的ＢＯＤ＿５／ＣＯＤ达到０．３。１－氨基蒽醌废水经投加量为２．５ｇ／Ｌ的臭氧处理后，再进行两级混凝处理（ＦｅＳＯ＿４的投加量分别为５．０ｇ／Ｌ和１．０ｇ／Ｌ），ＣＯＤ和色度的去除率可分别达到９０％和９３％。     

麦迪霉素废水的两级好氧处理

采用三相生物流化床－生物接触固定床两级串联好氧生物处理流程，可处理ＣＯＤ高达２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ的麦迪霉素高浓度有机废水，两床的容积负荷分别为４．４４和０．８９ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｄ·ｍ＾３以下时，其ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ的去除率均在９０％以上，出水水质较好。本流程能够承受高浓度有机物的冲击负荷，对进水中的麦迪霉素和酚类物质有较强的适应能力，可保持稳定运行。     

T酸一次洗水初步处理的研究

采用重氮化－偶合－混凝沉淀和重氮化－混凝沉淀两种方法对Ｔ酸一次洗水的初步处理进步了研究。Ｔ酸一次洗水经两种方法处理后,ＣＯＤ去除率分别为６１．３％、５０．５％,色度去除率分别为７４．６％、７１％。     

DS-Ⅰ催化剂脱硫脱氮技术的实验研究

以纯ＳＯ２及燃煤电厂烟气作实验气,利用积分法固定床ＣＦＢ方式进行了ＤＳ－Ⅰ型催化剂与活性炭催化性能的对比试验,对不同还进行了不同烟气温度、ＳＯ２浓度、湿度、烟气流速等工艺参数对ＤＳ-Ⅰ型催化剂催化性能的影响试验。对不同催化剂进行优化组合,可在除尘器后直接脱硫、脱氮,其脱硫率达８６％、脱氮率达６８％。催化剂经再生,可反复使用。     

腐蚀电池法处理印染废水

提出利用铁屑和烟道灰组腐蚀电池，治理印染水的方法。该方法以电化学作用为主 有还原降解、吸附和混凝等机制。采用铁屑／烟道灰过滤－混凝组合工艺处理印染废水，出水ＣＯＤ可降至１００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，去除率达８５％以上；色度低于５０倍脱色率达９５％以上，水质清澈透明，各项指标均符合国家排放标准。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Urban Metal Flows – A Case Study of Stockholm. Review and Conclusions

Metals have rapidly accumulated in the anthroposphere, especiallyin urban areas, indicating possible environmental and resource problems. Here, Stockholm City was chosen for a case study of urban metal flows, i.e. metal inflow to, metals in the stock of,and metal outflow from the anthroposphere to the biosphere. Themetal stock of Stockholm is large and still growing. The large amounts of metals in the solid waste fraction totally dominatethe outflow from the city. For major parts of the stock, the emissions from goods in use are negligible. There are, however,goods applications corresponding to significant emissions: e.g. the traffic sector (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb), the tapwater system (Cu), roofs/fronts or other metal surfaces (Cu, Zn). Today's known metal flows from the anthroposphere of Stockholm to the biosphere and sewage sludge are quantitatively dominated by Zn(34 ton y^-1) and Cu (14 ton y^-1). Historical and present emissions have resulted in high metal concentrations insediments (especially Cd, Hg and Pb, but also Cu and Zn), groundwater (Cu, Hg) and in soils (Hg, Cu, Pb). At present theannual median concentrations are below the Swedish limits for metals in sewage sludge, even if the safety margins aresmall for Cd, Hg and to some extent Cu. The flows of Cu and Zn to Stockholm soils are high with a significant accumulationindicating an environmental impact in a longer time perspective.High levels of metals in surface sediments in the waterenvironments reflects an ongoing input where these metals aretransported from known (Cu, Zn) and or partly unknown (Cd, Hg, Pb) sources. In future urban areas, monitoring of metal flows must be performed both in the anthroposphere and the biospherein order to have a pro active approach to urban environmentalproblems and to get prompt answers to measures taken.