ISO14000环境管理标准对我国企业发展的促进作用

ISO14000环境管理系列标准是国际标准化组织制定的关于环境管理体系的国际通用标准。目的在于激发企业自觉采取预防措施和持续性改善措施来改善环境。推行ISO14000认证不仅可以规范环境管理行为,而且提高绿色管理水平和资源利用效率,从而促进中国经济发展。需要政府进一步采取积极措施推广ISO14000环境管理体系认证。     

ISO14000环境管理体系标准及其实施的意义

论述了ISO14000环境管理体系的产生及其内容，并与ISO19000作了比较，指出了实施ISO14000对企业乃至整个社会的意义所在。     

浅论ISO14000与我国环境管理的关系

ISO14000标准是国际标准化组织（ISO）于1996年9月1日以来陆续出台的关于环境管理的～系列国际标准，是该组织在本世纪继ISOg000标准以来的对人类社会的又一大贡献。该标准出台后，立即引起世界各国的关注。ISO1400O源于全球环保浪潮，又超越于环境领域，人类对自身所赖以生存的环境的关注是ISO1400O出台并形成热潮的源动力，追求“绿色”效益又是各类组织热衷于建立环境管理体系，寻求第三方认证的加速推动力。中国政府自始至终参与了标准的制定，并高度重视推广实施工作，至1997年12月底已有13家组织通过了14001试点认证，有Ic余…     

ISO14000系列标准促进纺织行业清洁生产探讨

简要介绍了ISO14000系列标准和清洁生产的主要内容，通过分析二者的差异和内在联系，并辅以实例探讨了纺织行业中ISO14000系列标准对清洁生产的有效促进。     

清洁生产与ISO14000环境管理体系关系的初探

从ISO14000环境管理体系与清洁生产两者产生的背景及涵义出发，讨论了两者的同一性和差异性，提出了在21世纪的新形势下，把清洁生产与ISO14000两者有机的结合，是实现可持续发展的重要手段。     

清洁生产审核在企业ISO14000环境管理体系实施中的应用

对清洁生产、ISO14000环境管理体系的内涵作了简介，着重从理论到实践经验上探讨清洁生产审核在ISO14000环境管理体系推进过程中，环境因素和重大环境因素识别；目标、指标、环境管理方案建立；具体实施过程中的应用。     

实施ISO14000规范企业环境行为

简述了企业建立和实施ISO14000标准体系的重要性和必要性，以及实施的具体步骤和方法，以进一步规范企业的环境行为，促进其发展。     

行政区域实施ISO14001标准的研究

以厦门市鼓浪屿区实施的ISO14001标准为研究实例,探讨了行政区域实施ISO14001标准的意义、实施步骤和环境管理体系的构架模式,可为其他类似区域建立环境管理体系所借鉴。     

浙江环科环境研究院有限公司

正浙江环科环境研究院有限公司是浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院全资公司,注册资金2000万元。是通过浙江省科学技术厅、浙江省财政厅、浙江省国家税务局、浙江省地方税务局联合发文认定的高新技术企业。目前,公司下辖浙江环科环境咨询有限公司、浙江环科工程监理有限公司、浙江省环科环境认证中心等下属子公司。公司主要开展环境影响评价、管理体系认证、上市企业环保核查、环境影响后评价、水土保持方案编制、环境治理工程设计与工程承包、环境工程监理等业务领域,为社会和企业提供环保咨询与工程技术服务。公司拥有环境影响评价、工程设计、管理体系认证(9000/14000/18000)、环境监理、水土保持等     

浙江环科环境研究院有限公司

正浙江环科环境研究院有限公司是浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院全资公司,注册资金2000万元。是通过浙江省科学技术厅、浙江省财政厅、浙江省国家税务局、浙江省地方税务局联合发文认定的高新技术企业。目前,公司下辖浙江环科环境咨询有限公司、浙江环科工程监理有限公司、浙江省环科环境认证中心等下属子公司。公司主要开展环境影响评价、管理体系认证、上市企业环保核查、环境影响后评价、水土保持方案编制、环境治理工程设计与工程承包、环境工程监理等业务领域,为社会和企业提供环保咨询与工程技术服务。公司拥有环境影响评价、工程设计、管理体系认证(9000/14000/18000)、环境监理、水土保持等环保服务领域的资质证书和一支专业、精干、年轻、训练有素的环保工作队伍。     

Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests

Results of an international ring-test of two laboratory methods are presented for investigating the biodegradability of organic polymeric test materials in aquatic test systems based on respirometry and the evolution of carbon dioxide. These methods are developed further from the well-known standardized biodegradation tests ISO 9408 (1999) and ISO 9439 (1999), which have been successfully used for many years. The most important improvements are the extension of the test period up to six months, the increase of the buffer capacity and nutrient supply of the inorganic medium, an optimization of the inoculation, and optionally, the possibility of a carbon balance. A ring test, organized by the International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG), was run using a poly(,-caprolactone)-starch blend and an aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester as test materials and a microcrystalline cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the methods are suitable and practicable. The test methods have been meanwhile established as standards ISO 14851 (1999) and ISO 14852 (1999).     

医疗垃圾的现状及处理对策

在评述各类医疗垃圾危害性及现有处理方法基础上提出，应重视医疗垃圾和生活垃圾的区分，医疗垃圾的最佳处置方法是焚烧，医疗废水的处理方法应建立在科学论证的基础上，并建议尽快出台相应的法规及政策。     

白银市区土壤作物系统重金属污染分析与防治对策研究

通过对白银市区土壤作物系统重金属含量与分布变化特征的调查分析，结果表明，只有东大沟污灌区土壤作物污染严重，Cd,Pb超标明显；西大沟清污混灌区土壤环境为轻度污染，但作物质量符合标准要求；其余灌区土壤物质符合标准要求。最后，根据土壤作物重金属含量分布变化特征，提出了相应的防治对策。     

SBR法处理麻生物脱胶废水

利用 SBR工艺处理麻生物脱胶废水 ,对 CODcr、NH3-N的降解、SBR厌氧段和处理后水是否可回用进行了研究。实验结果证明 ,当进水 CODcr 15 0 0 mg/ L左右 ,MLSS的 CODcr负荷≤ 0 .74kg/ kg· d时 ,废水各项指标均可以达到 GB8978-1996苎麻脱胶废水综合排放二级标准 ,且可回用脱胶     

Anaerobic inhibition and biodegradation of antibiotics in ISO test schemes

Municipal sewage is the main exposure route for antibiotics that are used in human medical care. Antibiotics that adsorb to the primary sludge and/or sur-plus activated sludge will enter the anaerobic digesters of municipal sewage treatment plants. Here anaerobic biodegradation or inhibition of anaerobic bacteria resulting in a disturbance of the process might occur. ISO standards 13641 (2003) and 11734 (1999) were used for assessing the anaerobic inhibition of 16 and the anaerobic biodegradability of 9 antibiotics respectively. Digestion sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant (1g/l d.s.) was used as inoculum in both tests. In ISO 13641 (2003) most antibiotics showed only moderate inhibition effects after a 7 day incubation period, with EC50 values between 24 mg/l and more than 1000 mg/l (equal to mg/g d.s.). In contrast, metronidazol was decisively toxic to anaerobic bacteria with an EC50 of 0.7 mg/l. In the anaerobic degradation tests according to ISO standard 11734 (1995), only benzylpenicillin showed certain ultimate biodegradation after 60 days and most antibiotics inhibited the digesting sludge in the respective parallel tested inhibition controls. Thus the inhibition of anaerobic bacteria by antibiotics observed in the degradation tests was higher than expected from the results of the inhibition tests. The possible explanations are that distinct substrates are used (yeast extract versus sodium benzoate), that the digestion sludge loses activity during the washing steps performed for the degradation tests and that the exposure time in the degradation tests was 8 times longer than in the inhibition test.     

Narrow stack emissions: Errors in flow rate measurement due to disturbances and swirl

ABSTRACT

European legislation continues to drive down emission limit values, making the emission measurement of narrow stacks of increasing importance. However, the applicable standards (EN ISO 16911–1 and EN 15259) are poorly validated for narrow stacks, and the effect of flow disturbances on the described methods are largely unknown. In this article, measurement errors are investigated in narrow stacks with flow disturbances and swirl, both experimentally and through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicate that measurement errors due to misalignment of the flow with typical measuring probes (pitot tubes) are small compared to errors resulting from the positioning of these probes in the measurement plane. Errors up to 15% are reported using the standardized methods, while the measurement error is both smaller and more predictable when using additional measurement points.

Implications: Current international standards provide methods to measure emissions from industrial stacks. With increasingly small emission limit values, the accuracy of these measurements is becoming considerably more important. The data from this study can be used to inform revisions of these standards, in particular with respect to flow disturbances in narrow stacks, and can help law- and policy-makers to obtain insight into the uncertainties of emission measurements in these specific situations.     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。