火箭弹多模导引头对复杂气象环境适用性研究

目的计算分析火箭弹多模导引头对复杂气象的环境适用性,为作战使用提供参考。方法采用气溶胶衰减计算公式,建立探测距离与波长、相对湿度、能见度关系,运用MATLAB计算光学成像系统在雾霾条件下的探测距离。依据约翰斯顿准则计算光学探测设备一定高度上对目标的捕获识别概率,从而判断有云环境条件下,云底高度对探测设备的影响。根据毫米波雷达最大作用距离模型和雨滴特性,建立其降雨衰减模型,计算分析降雨率对毫米波雷达探测距离的影响。结果获取了雾霾条件下探测距离随相对湿度和波长的变化规律,确定了有云条件下导引头对云底高度的最低要求,绘制了降雨条件下毫米波雷达对不同目标的探测距离随降雨率的变化曲线。结论火箭弹多模复合导引头充分发挥了不同探测设备的优势,对复杂天气环境具有较好的适用性。     

毫米波近场成像技术综述

介绍了用于探测人体隐蔽物体的毫米波焦面阵成像系统及毫米波全息成像系统;简述了利用合成孔径原理提高系统分辨率的毫米波全息成像系统的基本原理;着重分析了毫米波焦面阵成像系统的天线近场聚焦特性、空间分辨率计算、系统采样间隔选择、物体辐射特性等关键技术.该系统在探测人体隐蔽物体方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Models3在北京地区PM_(10)模拟应用中的三维系统检验

为研究北京地区大气PM10的变化规律和三维空间结构,文章基于Models3/CMAQ空气质量模式,利用北京及周边省市详细调查的污染源数据,采取双层网格嵌套技术建立起适用于北京及周边地区的大气PM10数值模拟系统。为了检验该模式系统的准确性和可靠性,文章将模拟结果与北京市城近郊区7个地面站近2500h的逐时地面监测数据以及一次典型污染过程的激光雷达垂直观测记录分别进行了对比分析,结果表明,该模式系统较好的反映了北京地区PM10浓度三维时空分布特征,是研究华北地区复杂地形下大气PM10传输及演变规律的一个有效工具。     

微波、毫米波电磁材料特性及参数宽频带测试方法

讨论一种微波、毫米波电磁材料特性和参数宽频带测量方法——自由空间法。给出了该测量方法的测试原理和基于国产AV3630幅相接收机为基础的测试系统构成及系统扩频方法,论述了自由空间测试法需注意的关键技术问题。     

毫米波隐身涂层环境适应性考核与评价

为促进隐身涂层在武器装备中的应用和推广,对毫米波隐身涂层在我国海洋、酸性污染、寒冷及沙漠环境中进行了环境适应性考核与评价。通过24个月的考核,得到了该涂层外观、力学性能及隐身性能变化不大,仍保持在技术指标范围内的试验结果。同时取得了环境对毫米波隐身涂层作用影响的强弱顺序为:漠河→海南→江津→敦煌。     

遗传双线性模型在海洋冰情预测中的应用

提出了一套建立双线性模型（ＢＭ）的简便方案。用作者研制的加速遗传算法可同时估计ＢＭ模型各参数,成功地解决了ＢＭ建模这一难题,为ＢＭ模型的广泛应用提供了强有力的工具。实例的计算结果说明,这套方法在海洋冰情预测中是可行而有效的,通过利用预测过程中产生的残差信息进行反馈矫正,保证了ＢＭ模型高的拟合粗度和稳健的预测性能,增强了ＢＭ对复杂非线性动态系统的适应性。该方案具有一般性,在各种非线性时序动态预测中具     

基于毫米波的海上目标RCS测量标定分析

目的提高靶场毫米波海上目标RCS测量标定精度。方法针对海上目标的外场雷达目标特性(Radar Cross Section,RCS)测量系统动态标定问题,在给出了无源相对标校法的基础上,对毫米波RCS测量系统标定过程中云雾杂波、大气衰减、海面及地面杂波的影响进行详细分析。结果结合靶场外场实际测量,提出了衰减修正、合理选择标校气象条件等相应减小标定误差的措施。结论基于毫米波海上目标RCS测量标定的分析及其措施可极大地减小毫米波外场海面测量标校中气象环境、海面或地面杂波等对系统标定的影响,提高系统标定精度。     

毫米波隐身涂层环境适应性考核与评价

为促进隐身涂层在武器装备中的应用和推广，对毫米波隐身涂层在我国海洋、酸性污染、寒冷及沙漠环境中进行了环境适应性考核与评价。通过24个月的考核，得到了该涂层外观、力学性能及隐身性能变化不大，仍保持在技术指标范围内的试验结果。同时取得了环境对毫米波隐身涂层作用影响的强弱顺序为：漠河一海南一江津一敦煌。     

考虑指标协调性的湖泊富营养化评价模型

湖泊富营养化程度评价标准中同一评价指标的分级界点值差异很大,近似地呈现指数变化.基于该认识,提出了1个基于指标协调性的湖泊富营养化综合评价模型.对评价标准及待评湖泊监测值进行对数变换,改善了评价指标值的协调性,降低了评价系统的非线性化程度;在定义待评湖泊各监测指标与富营养化标准各级别之间距离测度的基础上,按评价指标协调性要求构造评价函数;鉴于评价标准为区问教的实际情况,采用区间数计算待评湖泊与各级标准的相对距离测度,并按距离测度值的大小进行湖泊富营养化状态分类.该模型建模思路清晰,物理意义明确,计算过程简捷,一组由5个湖泊组成的富营养化综合评价案例计算结果表明,评价结果符合实际.     

土工膜渗漏检测系统研究

土工膜的渗漏检测及补漏处理是填埋场功效保障的重要措施。通过对国外填埋场渗漏检测的多种方法的比较,成功研制了基于高压直流电法的渗漏检测系统。该系统解决了由于填埋场检测面积大所带来的采集数据量大、传输距离远的问题。通过建立合理的地电模型,解决了非均匀介质条件下电势分布问题,进而提高了系统的检测精度。通过杭州的实验检验,结果表明该系统在检测电极间距为4m时,误差超过0.4m的概率低于10%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.