锂离子电池热特性参数测量方法研究

目的针对深海等极端环境下载人潜水器锂离子动力电池热管理问题,对10 Ah三元镍钴锰锂离子电池展开热特性参数测量方法研究,为锂离子电池热管理建模提供理论依据。方法首先利用精密测量仪器并结合传热学原理对电池导热系数进行计算,其次基于电池温度与环境温度跟随的控制策略搭建高精度的绝热实验箱。绝热环境下,电池的实际产热将会完全转化为自身的内能,与外界之间没有热量交换。在绝热实验箱中利用脉冲测试方法辨识三元镍钴锰锂离子电池的比热容。结果热物性参数测量结果具有较高准确性,带入热模型中的温度计算结果与实际温度测量结果绝对误差不超过0.5℃,平均相对误差为0.0184。结论基于实验方法得到的电池热特性参数能够反映锂离子电池的热状态,测量结果与实际值误差在可接受范围之内。     

车用锂离子电池组冷却系统传热仿真分析

目的 解决电动汽车锂离子电池组在高温下的安全性和热失控问题.方法 建立锂离子电池组冷却系统的三维分析模型,应用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法 ,结合热传导和热对流理论,对电池组进行仿真分析.结果 锂离子电池组的温度场分布基本相同,呈现出中间低、两侧高的分布特点,且...     

基于PNGV模型的锂离子电池荷电状态估计

目的 提升不同老化情况下的锂离子电池荷电状态(SOC)估计精度。方法 基于PNGV模型(Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles)，对锂离子电池SOC进行估计。首先通过双线性变换对PNGV模型进行离散化，采用带有遗忘因子的递归最小二乘法(FFRLS)，对电池模型参数进行在线辨识，利用卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法进行SOC估计，并通过动态工况验证SOC估计精度。结果 以多种误差指标考察不同循环下的试验数据，在不同电池老化状态下具有较好的预测精度。相比基于Thevenin模型的算法，基于PNGV模型的算法可以将SOC平均绝对误差减少约60%，同时也可以将SOC估计最大绝对误差波动范围降低53.8%。结论 本算法引入PNGV模型后，解决了基于Thevenin模型算法误差大、不稳定的问题，提升了动力电池系统在不同老化环境下的适应性。     

某离心机模型辨识与仿真

目的辨识某离心机的加速度控制模型,并开展控制系统仿真和优化。方法实测某离心机运行时的转速、电压、电流等,对保载和加速状态的电流进行拟合,进而分析保载阻力、等效转动惯量等模型参数。建立离心机加速度控制系统Simulink仿真模型,进行仿真试验。结果基于辨识的模型参数进行仿真的结果与真实系统试验的结果很接近,为控制系统优化、各种试验能力和误差预估提供了可信的模型。结论采用的辨识方法可行,辨识的参数正确,离心机仿真模型运行快速正确,可供相关离心机辨识和仿真参考。     

极地科考船舶储能系统热管理模块设计

目的设计一种适用于极地科考船储能系统的锂离子电池组热管理模块,以降低低温对电池性能的影响,并延长其使用寿命。方法通过实验获得高寒环境下锂离子电池电气特性参数,明确高寒条件下热管理模块的功能需求。在此基础上进行热管理模块硬件设计及策略开发,并搭建电池低温测试实验平台进行验证。结果将-35℃环境温度下电池表面温度预热至0℃,以低倍率放电时,电池的可用容量可提升至额定容量的34.7%,并且提高预热温度能够增加电池的可用容量。结论该热管理模块能够有效地对锂离子电池组进行热管理,提高高寒环境下科考船储能系统的可用容量。     

车辆舱室流动传热及温度场分析

目的全面获得车舱流动传热分析的流场和温度场分布。方法以某车辆舱室为研究对象,对车舱进行合理简化,建立空气流动与传热的计算流体力学(CFD)模型。针对车舱内温度分布特点,采用标准的κ-ε湍流模型描述舱内的空气流动,利用FLUENT软件对车舱在太阳辐射下进行温度场仿真研究。结果得到了温度场的分布与车载运行时间的变化规律,并利用实车跑车试验结果与仿真结果进行了对比,对比最大误差约为12%。结论随着外部环境温度的升高,车舱内部温度均呈现梯度变化,不同位置温度差异最大为5℃。CFD能为计算和预测温度场分布提供有效的技术支持。     

不同诱发条件下NCM三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性

目的 研究不同诱发条件下三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性，科学认识海洋工程和装备领域储能电池的安全性，为海洋工程的消防安全设计提供理论依据。方法 模拟三元锂离子电池机械滥用和热滥用场景，分别用针刺和加热方式触发锂电池热失控，对不同带电状态(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%SOC值)的锂离子电池热失控过程中温度、电压、质量损失进行测量，对热失控后的电池进行拆解，并分析极片残余物的宏观和微观变化特征。结果 随着电池SOC值的增加，热失控反应强度增加，电池表面最高温度、温升速率和质量损失率均增大。针刺和加热触发电池热失控后极卷形态变化特征不同，分别呈“贝壳”和“月牙”形状。极片残余物的热重分析表明，50%SOC值和100%SOC值电池在针刺和加热后，极片残余物氧化分解后的质量损失比例分别为36.73%、18.75%和38.28%、30.38%。结论 三元锂离子电池的热失控行为随电池SOC值和诱发条件的改变而变化，高SOC值时，电池热失控反应更剧烈。一定条件下，针刺比加热更易触发电池热失控，而加热触发的热失控反应速率更快。热失控后的极卷形状变化和残余物热重分析可为火灾原因调查提供证据。     

锂离子电池组分层主动均衡研究

目的 针对实际装备中使用的串联锂离子电池组的不一致性问题,提出一种基于Buck-Boost电路和反激式变压器均衡电路的分层主动均衡构架.方法 以荷电状态(SOC)作为均衡标准,制定均衡策略,建立锂离子电池二阶等效电路模型以及开路电压(OCV)特性曲线来进行参数辨识与SOC估计.实现电池组内相邻电池单体间的能量转移以及电池组间任意模组到整体的能量双向传递.最后在Matlab/Simulink中搭建均衡模型进行仿真验证.结果 分层主动均衡构架相比传统单一相邻电池均衡构架具有更好的均衡结果,其均衡效果提升了43.04％,均衡时间缩短了24.4％,均衡效率提高了12.61％.结论 该分层主动均衡构架充分发挥了两种主动均衡的优点,改善了电池组的不一致性问题,并提高了整个电池组的充放电容量.     

含能材料反应釜温度模型仿真辨识

目的验证一种基于遗忘因子最小二乘法(FFRLS)的含能材料反应釜温度预测模型辨识方法的正确性和有效性。方法首先利用基于机理建模方法对系统模型进行分段处理,并得到其具体结构,然后结合历史数据,利用FFRLS对系统模型参数进行辨识,最后得到含能材料反应釜温度仿真模型。结果在Matlab仿真平台上对该方法的正确性和有效性进行验证,模型参数慢时变状态下该方法辨识参数的模型参数均方根误差(RMSE)皆小于10%,模型参数突变状态下,参数RMSE最小为5.89%,最大为18.69%。结论该方法能准确、有效地对含能材料反应釜温度模型进行辨识。     

基于退化轨迹的锂离子电池加速试验研究

针对锂离子电池长寿命、高可靠的特点,提出了使用恒定应力加速退化试验对其进行可靠性评估与寿命预测的方法。首先对锂离子电池进行FMEA分析,得出容量衰减是最常见的失效模式,并以温度作为主要的加速应力。其次,确定锂离子电池的加速退化模型和参数退化轨迹模型,并进行锂离子电池的加速退化试验设计。确定加速应力水平时,在锂离子电池参数退化轨迹的基础上,根据巴特利特检验统计量确定退化机理一致的边界应力。最后,基于伪寿命对锂离子电池的可靠性进行评估。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.