渗滤液污染羽中污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质的分布

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中的氧化还原分带以及污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质在其中的分布和变化特点.结果表明,污染物和氧化还原灵敏性物质的分布和变化受氧化还原环境的影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带等4个氧化还原带中Eh分别为-148.2、-95.4、30.6和223.2 mV.pH分别为7.13、6.49、6.38和6.21,电导率分别为211.4、55.2、29.4和17.8 mS/m.产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带有利于乙苯、二甲苯、苯、甲苯和三氯乙烯等多数有机物的降解,其沉积物对大多数重金属具有较好的富集作用,除As和Cd外,Cr、Ni、Ph和Zn的含量最高分别为28.2J、11.58、9.05和23.5 mg/kg.CO2、硫化物、HCO-;、NH4 、TOC、Fe2 、NO2-;和SO42-等物质的浓度随离污染源距离增加而降低.     

渗滤液中有机物在不同氧化还原带中的降解机理与效率研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液中的有机污染物在地下环境中的降解机理和效率.结果表明,铁还原带对有机污染物的降解起重要作用,平均降解效率达86.24％,其次是氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、硫酸盐还原带和产甲烷带,分别平均达到75.93％、79.81％、74.02％和65.09％;厌氧还原环境可能对苯并噻唑、安替吡啉、茚等物质的降解起重要作用;萘、环己酮、部分环烷烃等不易被微生物降解;不同污染物在不同氧化还原带中的最大降解效率也不同,如1,1,1-三氯乙烷和邻二甲苯在硫酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为80％和71.43％;三氯乙烯和MTBE则在硝酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为81.25％和92.58％;而苯在硫酸盐还原带和铁还原带中均被全部降解.     

垃圾渗滤液中重金属在不同氧化还原带中的衰减

通过土柱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液中的重金属在地下环境中的衰减效率和机理.结果表明,不同顺序氧化还原带对不同的重金属去除效率不同,硫酸盐还原带的去除效率最高,Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的去除率分别为93.27%、73.33%、81.52%、76.83%、100%和100%;氧还原带的去除率最低,分别为36.13%、20.45%、7.45%、25.86%、13.04%和37.36%.各顺序氧化还原带沉积物对重金属的富集能力也不同,产甲烷带、硫酸盐还原带和硝酸盐还原带的富集能力相对较强,其中,硫酸盐还原带的富集能力最强,沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的含量分别增长了8.5%、11.3%、19.9%、75.6%、14.8%和14.3%;而铁还原带和氧还原带的富集能力相对较差,氧还原带沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的含量分别降低了1.86%、8.6%、22.1%、26.4%、5.8%和25.6%.因此,垃圾渗滤液地下环境中重金属的衰减受吸附、沉淀和络合等作用的控制.     

垃圾渗滤液污染羽在地下环境中的分带现象研究

通过土柱实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染物在地下环境中降解的生物地球化学作用和分带现象,并对污染前后土壤中的Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺、氧化容量(OXC)和还原容量(RDC)等的变化进行分析.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液污染羽中出现了4个顺序氧化还原带,微生物在每个带所利用的最终电子受体是不同的,分别为CO₂、Fe³⁺、NO₃^-和O₂,相应地依次称为产甲烷带、铁还原带、NO相似文献   

垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物的pH缓冲能力

通过砂柱模拟实验研究含水层沉积物的pH缓冲能力及其在不同氧化还原带中的变化.结果表明,pH缓冲容量的本底值为324.93.pH-1mmol/kg,其中阳离子交换缓冲容量、碳酸钙缓冲容量、硅酸盐缓冲容量和次级缓冲容量的本底值分别为41.77.pH-1、86.53.pH-1、47.33.pH-1和149.31.pH-1mmol/kg.产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)中总的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值依次分别增加了12.4%、10.8%、19.8%和11.1%;各氧化还原带沉积物中的交换性阳离子(CEC)和交换性盐基离子(BEC)均小于本底值的11.59.pH-1和8.52.pH-1mmol/kg,各氧化还原带沉积物的盐基饱和度先升高后降低,都高于本底值的63.47%.因此,含水层沉积物有较强的pH缓冲能力.对垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物pH缓冲能力的研究可为污染场地的修复提供理论依据.     

垃圾渗滤液污染羽中的最终电子受体作用研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了最终电子受体和TOC在垃圾渗滤液污染羽各氧化还原带中的变化规律,并建立了相应的模型.结果表明,各种还原产物出现峰值的时间和相应的最终电子受体利用最终电子的能力有一定的关系,利用电子能力强的最终电子受体其还原产物出现急剧升高的时间较早,如NO-2出现峰值的时间比Fe2 早;TOC的浓度在产甲烷带、硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带中不断增加,增加速率分别为8.27、8.56、8.85、9.06和9.11 mg/(L·h).不同种类的微生物降解污染物的速度受最终电子受体的多少和有效性的限制,其反应速度和最终电子受体利用最终电子的能力大小相一致,也就是说,利用最终电子能力越强的最终电子受体越容易被微生物利用、消耗,对污染的反应也就越灵敏.     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境物质变化对污染缓冲的影响

通过砂柱模拟实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境中氧化还原环境和主要组成物质的变化对沉积物的pH缓冲能力和氧化还原能力的影响及其相互关系.结果表明,氧化还原环境的变化对地下环境沉积物的pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲能力有重要影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)沉积物的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值分别增加了12.4%、 10.8%、 19.8%和11.1%;pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲之间相互影响、相互促进,它们直接影响着地下环境中污染物的自然衰减作用;沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+-N等的含量对pH缓冲能力和氧化还原缓冲能力均有不同的影响,整个体系的污染缓冲能力是各组分的综合作用结果.     

生活垃圾填埋场甲烷自然减排的新途径:厌氧与好氧的共氧化作用

采用暴雨过后垃圾填埋表层30～60 cm的覆土、表层1.5 m以下的垃圾,以及刚刚开挖出来的9年矿化垃圾进行硫酸盐还原菌阳性反应试验,结果表明生活垃圾填埋体不同填埋层都存在不同数量级的硫酸盐还原菌,且底层矿化垃圾中的硫酸盐还原菌的数量最多,表层覆土中最少.颗粒大小比例为50%:50%的垃圾样品表现出最佳的甲烷好氧与厌氧...     

渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展演化研究

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展和演化过程.结果表明,随着时间的推移和污染程度的加重,各氧化还原带不断向前推移,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带的范围不断扩大,随后出现惰性区.在氧化还原带的整个演化过程中,各带中TOC、硫化物、NH 4 -N、HC03-3、CO2和Fe2 等物质的浓度随时间的推移而升高,随离污染源距离的增加而降低;NO-3和DO等物质的浓度随时间的推移而减小,随离污染源距离的增加而升高;SO2-4的浓度则随时间的推移先减小而后增加,随离污染源距离的增加而降低.而且,随着污染程度的加重,沉积物中Fe3 含量降低, TOC含量升高.在氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、铁还原带和产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带沉积物中, Fe3 由占OXC的70.5%分别减小为56.3%、41%、28.3%和15%;TOC由占RDC的98.7%分别升高为102.0%、107.0%、142.9%和162.1%;Fe2 主要以PeS和FeCO3,沉淀形式沉积下来,分别占总Fe2 的80.6%、175.6%、377.7%和555.1%.     

垃圾场污染场地氧化还原带及其功能微生物的研究

通过室内模拟柱实验发现受渗滤液污染的场地存在着4个顺序氧化还原带,依次为硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带,范围分别为0～27 cm、 27～62 cm、 47～74 cm、 74～91 cm.各带中生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,相应地以硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、铁还原菌（IRB）和反硝化细菌（NRB）为优势菌群,同时也存在其他作用的细菌.氧化还原带和功能微生物的分布说明各氧化还原带间并不存在严格的界限,有一定的重叠现象.功能优势菌群的变化是氧化还原带更替的根本原因.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.