经济发达地区农村环境存在问题及对策建议——以江苏省丹阳市为例

农村环境问题已成为中国实现农业可持续发展、提高农民生活质量、建设和谐社会的重要制约因素,特别是在经济发达地区,农村环境问题尤为突出。文中以江苏省丹阳市为例,对发达地区农村环境问题进行深入分析,并从保障饮用水安全、加强农村生活污水和生活垃圾处理处置、减少农业面源污染、合理布局和控制工业污染源等方面提出对策建议。     

中国农村环境问题的法律思考

改革开放以来，随着中国农村经济的快速发展，农村环境问题也日益突出，严重影响了社会主义新农村建设的“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”目标和要求的实现，阻碍了农村乃至全国经济、社会和环境的协调发展。加强农村环境保护，是新农村建设的当务之急，是全面建设小康社会和构建和谐社会的迫切要求。文中在现有研究的基础上，考察农村环境问题之现状，从法律视角，深入分析农村环境的问题之所在，提出解决农村环境问题的对策，努力探寻一条与中国农村实际相适合的生态环境保护道路。     

从标准化建设后评估看基层环境监测站的发展

以江阴市环境监测站标准化建设后评估工作为例,介绍了近年来苏南地区县级环境监测站的发展状况,指出了影响基层环境监测站发展的一些问题,并就相关对策进行探讨。     

浙江省慈溪农村环境综合整治示范工程评述

在农业和农村现代化进程中 ,按可持续发展的要求 ,促进农村环境生态化 ,深化环境综合整治 ,推动农村环保工作 ,提高人民的生活质量是各级政府有关部门的一项义不容辞的责任。遏制农村生活、生态环境恶化的趋势 ,加大环境综合整治的力度 ,努力创造洁美家园 ,是全社会共同的要求。然而一些农村环境脏、乱、差 ,垃圾乱倒乱堆乱烧 ,河道水质污染等问题十分突出。这些环境问题造成群众生活质量下降 ,阻碍可持续发展 ,与农村现代化建设极不相称。慈溪市从形象工程入手 ,依靠社会力量 ,开展环境综合整治 ,在短期内取得了一定成绩 ,为浙江省如何搞好…     

浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状及处理效果分析

农村生活污水面广量大,是污水治理中的重点和难点。通过对浙江省农村生活污水处理技术应用现状的调研,系统分析了该省目前应用的农村生活污水处理技术的特点和处理效果,并对已采用的各处理技术的去污效果、抗冲击性能、运维性能等进行了对比。最后结合浙江省农村生活污水处理现状,从建立农村生活污水处理技术评价体系、做好运行效果评估、加强经验推广和技术深入研究、加强设施的运维管理等方面提出了进一步提高农村生活污水处理效果的措施。     

苏南区域尾水调度处理战略构想

苏南是长江三角洲中人口最集中、经济最发达、环境最敏感的地区之一,日益严重的水污染已困扰该地区的可持续发展.根据苏南地区水污染和自然地理状况,提出了"控源导流,清污两制,三级控制、三级标准"的水污染控制战略思想.构建了苏锡常地区具体的尾水导流及尾水资源化生态处理方案,提出了方案的实施步骤和管理协调机制,并初步分析了方案的预期效益.     

乡镇纺织印染废水防治对策

近几年来,乡镇企业发展很快,对搞活经济、繁荣市场、安置农村剩余劳动力、提高人民生活、缩小城乡工农差别,产生了深远的影响。乡镇企业的发展,也推动了农村集镇建设,它完全改变了以往集镇单一集市贸易和物资交流,成了城、镇、乡三大区域经济中的重要组成部分及城乡间的桥梁和枢纽。它是建设具有中国特色社会主义的重要     

农村小型生活污水处理技术研究进展

针对农村的实际情况,寻找高效低耗的农村生活污水处理技术是很有实际意义的。本文主要从活性污泥法、生物膜法、人工湿地和组合工艺这几方面介绍了农村小型生活污水的处理现状,介绍了近几年来国内外的一些农村小型生活污水处理的研究发展情况。采用生物生态组合工艺,操作管理简单,投资和运行费用较低,适宜在农村小型生活污水处理中应用。     

农村生活污染源的调查与数据分析

以某镇农村生活污染源调查为例,介绍一种切实可行的调查方式。用统计分析的方法,分析该农村生活污水产生量和主要去向,以及生活垃圾产生量、基本组成和主要去向,并对该农村生活污染源现状作了评价。     

关于中国农村生活污水排放标准制定的探讨

当前中国缺乏相应的农村生活污水排放标准,而强行要求农村生活污水执行城镇排放标准,结果往往很难达到预期效果.通过对美国、日本和新西兰等国家农村生活污水排放标准的分析,并结合中国农村水环境状况和污染物处理技术水平现状,提出了按照污水最终去向(资源化利用和直接排放)分类、分级确定农村生活污水排放标准的办法.     

农村生活污水分散处理技术研究进展

对农村生活污水的特点进行了分析，总结了国内外农村生活污水分散处理技术的研究及应用状况，介绍了三种典型的分散处理技术，并指出这三种技术的有机组合，将成为未来农村生活污水分散处理技术发展的趋势。     

浙江农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准修订需求分析与建议

以浙江《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB33/973—2015)的修订为研究切入点,对比了现行标准与国家和浙江农村生活污水治理的管理要求,分析了浙江农村生活污水处理现状并梳理其他省(自治区、直辖市)标准情况.研究发现DB33/973—2015已不符合浙江实际情况且不能满足浙江对农村生活污水的管理需求,必须开...     

中国农村生活污水处理技术应用现状及研究方向

农村生活污水未经处理就直接排放，是造成农村水环境污染的原因之一，也是造成湖泊富营养化的重要因素，因此，归纳了目前国内一些先进的、适合于农村生活污水处理的技术，并对其研究方向进行了探讨和分析。     

厌氧池-复合型人工湿地系统污水处理效果的季节变化

利用厌氧池-复合型人工湿地(AT-ICW)系统处理农村生活污水,探讨工艺系统不同季节对污水的处理效果。结果表明,该工艺系统春、夏、秋季对氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)表现出稳定且较好的去除效果,去除率分别为92.8%～97.0%和56.4%～65.9%,冬季去除率相对较差,平均去除率分别为67.1%和42.5%。NO3--N的去除效果差,四季均出现积累,累积率达到71.5%～342.9%。系统春、夏季对总氮(TN)去除效果较好,去除率为57.3%～68.9%,秋、冬季去除效果相对较差,为24.5%～35.8%。系统夏季COD去除效果好,平均去除率达到78.3%,冬、春季去除效果较差,为37.8%～43.5%。各项污水排放指标均达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A类标准。AT-ICW系统不仅处理效果好,而且运行费用低,适用于农村分散型生活污水处理。     

农村生活污水处理稳定曝气系统

活性污泥法是生活污水处理中应用最为广泛的方法之一。实验研究制作了一套自动控制曝气系统,可实现对溶解氧(DO)这一重要参数及时、精确、稳定的控制,DO控制精度为±0.2 mg/L。采用该系统有利于提高农村分散式污水处理设施的自动化程度,从而应对劳动定员不足、操作人员专业水准还有待提高等客观现实情况,同时提高处理效果的稳定性。此外,该系统能有效降低曝气冗余,节能效果明显,有助于降低农村水处理环保设施的运行成本,缓解地方运营成本压力。     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.

     

射阳县黄沙港流域面源污染现状及防治对策

针对农村面源污染日渐突出的问题,以农村饮用水源地黄沙港为例分析了农村面源污染的现状和成因,并从乡镇规划、生活污水处理工艺选择、畜禽水产业污染治理、农药化肥的施用、农业废弃物利用技术等方面提出防治措施。     

Material flow analysis of phosphorus through food consumption in two megacities in northern China

The key stocks and flows of phosphorus (P) through food consumption in Beijing and Tianjin, two megacities in northern China, were explored using a material flow analysis (MFA) approach to construct a static model of P metabolism. A total of 4498 t P has accumulated with 72% of P flow imported through food consumption eventually remaining in Beijing in 2008. Around 64% of the total inflow of P (2670 t) remained in Tianjin in 2008. P in the uncollected sewage from both urban and rural residents and the effluents from sewage treatment plants has significant negative effects on water quality. An average of 55% the P flow remained in the sewage sludge through urban food consumption. The key problems in P metabolism and management in megacities are identified based on the quantitative analysis of P cycling through food consumption. Relevant solutions for improving P recycling efficiency are also discussed. It is important to link P flows with environmental regulations and to establish a strong coordination between urban and rural areas for nutrient recycling to attain sustainable development of megacities.     

From agricultural use of sewage sludge to nutrient extraction: A soil science outlook

The composition of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge reflects the use and proliferation of elements and contaminants within society. In Sweden, official statistics show that concentrations of toxic metals in municipal sewage sludge have steadily decreased, by up to 90 %, since the 1970s, due to environmental programmes and statutory limits on metals in sludge and soil. Results from long-term field experiments show that reduced metal pollution during repeated sewage sludge application has reversed negative trends in soil biology. Despite this Swedish success story, organic waste recycling from Swedish towns and cities to arable land is still limited to only about 20 % of the total amount produced. Resistance among industries and consumers to products grown on land treated with sewage sludge may not always be scientifically grounded; however, there are rational obstacles to application of sewage sludge to land based on its inherent properties rather than its content of pollutants. We argue that application of urban organic wastes to soil is an efficient form of recycling for small municipalities, but that organic waste treatment from large cities requires other solutions. The large volumes of sewage sludge collected in towns and cities are not equitably distributed back to arable land because of the following: (i) The high water and low nutrient content in sewage sludge make long-distance transportation too expensive; and (ii) the low plant availability of nutrients in sewage sludge results in small yield increases even after many years of repeated sludge addition. Therefore, nutrient extraction from urban wastes instead of direct organic waste recycling is a possible way forward. The trend for increased combustion of urban wastes will make ash a key waste type in future. Combustion not only concentrates the nutrients in the ash but also leads to metal enrichment; hence, direct application of the ash to land is most often not possible. However, inorganic fertiliser (e.g. mono-ammonium phosphate fertiliser, MAP) can be produced from metal-contaminated sewage sludge ash in a process whereby the metals are removed. We argue that the view on organic waste recycling needs to be diversified in order to improve the urban–rural nutrient cycle, since only recycling urban organic wastes directly is not a viable option to close the urban–rural nutrient cycle. Recovery and recycling of nutrients from organic wastes are a possible solution. When organic waste recycling is complemented by nutrient extraction, some nutrient loops within society can be closed, enabling more sustainable agricultural production in future.