基于地理探测器的湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价

湖南地区是长江中游新石器时期文化发源地之一,为了更有效地了解新石器时期的人地关系,以高程、坡度、坡向、水体、地貌、土壤和植被类型这7个指标构建新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境模糊指数综合评价体系,运用地理探测器的因子探测法确定各要素的权重,在ArcGIS中将各因子的权重值进行加权叠加和综合等级类型分类,最终得到湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价结果:宜居度中等以上的区域面积最大,总面积为18.59万km2,占湖南省总面积的87.77％;水体权重值占比最高;古人偏爱聚水而居,且集中分布在洞庭湖区域,湘、资、沅、澧周边沿干流分布或在河流的交汇区域分布;适宜度等级较高的遗址类型偏向于丘陵型、台地型和平原型;宜居度中等及以上的遗址多分布在地形较低、朝南、微斜坡、地貌、土壤和植被类型最为丰富的区域.本文可为今后史前聚落遗址分布与自然环境分析提供借鉴意义.     

4-氨基安替比林法测定水样中的酚的探讨和改进

文章针对水样中测定挥发酚时,采用4-氨基安替比林法挥发酚空白值高,且不稳定以及出现萃取现象,严重等不稳定因素,这一实际情况,进行了大量的试验研究.对4-氨基安替比林的加入量和铁氰化钾的加入量进行了确定,并对此进行了验证,较为理想.对氯仿萃取时不同试剂及不同加入顺序时对吸光度的影响进行了研究,找出了原因所在.     

Nitrogen use efficiencies in Chinese agricultural systems and implications for food security and environmental protection

Regional Environmental Change - Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) is an important indicator to evaluate the performance of N use in agricultural systems. Understanding changes in NUE is crucial to...     

Reforming smallholder farms to mitigate agricultural pollution

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - China’s agriculture is dominated by smallholder farms, which have become major sources of negative environmental impacts including...     

Assessment of private economic benefits and positive environmental externalities of tea plantation in China

Tea plantations are rapidly expanding in China and other countries in the tropical and subtropical zones, driven by relatively high private economic benefit. However, the impact of tea plantations on the regional environment, including ecosystem services and disservices are unclear. In this study, we developed an assessment framework for determining the private economic benefits and environmental externalities (the algebraic sum of the regulating services and disservices) of tea plantations in China. Our results showed that tea plantations provided private economic benefits of 5,652 yuan ha^?1 year^?1 (7.6 yuan?=?1 USD in 2007) for tea farmers, plus positive environmental externalities of 6,054 yuan ha^?1 year^?1 for the society. The environmental externalities were calculated as the sum of the value of four regulating services, including carbon sequestration (392 yuan ha^?1 year^?1); soil retention (72 yuan ha^?1 year^?1); soil fertility protection (3,189 yuan ha^?1 year^?1) and water conservation (2,685 yuan ha^?1 year^?1), and three disservices, including CO₂ emission (?39 yuan ha^?1 year^?1), N₂O emission (?137 yuan ha^?1 year^?1) and nonpoint source pollution (?108 yuan ha^?1 year^?1). Before the private optimal level, the positive environmental externalities can be maintained by private economic benefits; if a social optimal level is required, subsidies from government are necessary.     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.

     

Nitrogen footprints: Regional realities and options to reduce nitrogen loss to the environment

Ambio - Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an...     

Quantification of net carbon flux from plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation: a full carbon cycle analysis

Plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) has played a vital role in increasing incomes of farmers and expanded dramatically in last several decades. However, carbon budget after conversion from conventional vegetable cultivation (CVC) to PGVC has been poorly quantified. A full carbon cycle analysis was used to estimate the net carbon flux from PGVC systems based on the combination of data from both field observations and literatures. Carbon fixation was evaluated at two pre-selected locations in China. Results suggest that: (1) the carbon sink of PGVC is 1.21 and 1.23 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for temperate and subtropical area, respectively; (2) the conversion from CVC to PGVC could substantially enhance carbon sink potential by 8.6 times in the temperate area and by 1.3 times in the subtropical area; (3) the expansion of PGVC usage could enhance the potential carbon sink of arable land in China overall.     

高速公路通道集水净化渗透系统及其水质分析

结合河北省大广高速公路衡大段实体工程,针对路表径流污染物的种类及处理机理,提出了通道集水净化渗透系统的好氧兼氧消化-沉淀-人工材料吸附-土壤渗滤一元化的复合工艺,该工艺主要采用蛭石作为过滤材料,将路表径流的污染物控制在饮用水水质标准范围内,不仅有效地解决了通道积水问题,还使得地下水得到补充。     

人类活动对杭州城乡复合系统陆源氮排海的驱动分析

对过去28年间(1980～2008)杭州城乡复合系统陆源氮(N)向杭州湾的排量进行了系统的估算,并分析了陆源N增加的社会经济驱动力及相应的控制对策.结果表明,杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量从1980年的1.1×104t增加到2008年的3.7×104t,其中,农业面源污染对于N排海量的贡献在28年间一直保持在50%左右,但生活污水的点源N排放量却迅速增加,其2008年的贡献率已达到42%.目前,农田过量施肥、养殖业废水排放及与种植业的N循环脱钩、生活污水处理率低以及污水处理厂出水N浓度标准过宽等是杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量迅速增加的主要原因.杭州城乡复合系统陆源N排海量与GDP增长趋势之间的关系显示出污染控制技术和政策调控的功能得到了强化.杭州城乡复合系统的排N量仅占杭州湾陆源N总量的38%,杭州与周边的嘉兴、宁波、绍兴和部分上海地区在2008年共有超过10×104t的活性N排入杭州湾.通过技术革新、政策调整以及环保意识建立来对快、慢变量(相对系统动态而言,发生快速、慢速变化的因子,通常相当于直接驱动与间接驱动力)进行协调控制,是推动杭州湾区域经济环境可持续发展的关键对策.