苯胺的超监界水氧化研究

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明,氧化剂H2O2、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始TOC值对TOC的去除率有显著影响。在本试验中,选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究,结果表明,这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性,筛选出硫酸锰和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步研究,以硫酸猛作催化剂为例,在450℃,28MPa,K＝1．1,pH＝4．0的条件下,当停留时间为46s时,TOC去除率达到100％。     

催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼

采用CuO/γ-Al_2O_3和MnO_2/γ-Al_2O_3为催化剂,H_2O_2为氧化剂,在固定床反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼实验.结果表明,CuO和MnO_2对偏二甲肼的氧化降解具有显著的促进作用.偏二甲肼的去除率随反应温度和压力的升高、停留时间的延长而提高.在24—26MPa、400—450℃条件下,数秒钟内COD去除率可达到99%以上.显示出催化超临界水氧化技术的高效性.催化剂CuO/γ-Al_2O_3的催化效果优于MnO_2/γ-Al_2O_3.进一步研究表明,偏二甲肼催化超临界水氧化为·OH引发的自由基反应,最终氧化产物为CO_2,N_2和H_2O.     

ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.     

合成有机化学品的超临界水氧化

研究了超临界水氧化系统中合成有机化学品 ,如酚、间苯三酚、对叔丁基酚、间甲酚、3 ,5-二甲酚、苯胺、硝基苯、叔丁醇、三氯乙醛等的氧化作用。在实验条件下 ,上述化学品均能显著降解。酚和苯胺的去除随氧化剂过氧化氢加入量增加而增加。较优的K值 (实验中加入的H2 O2 量与按反应方程化学计量的量的比值 )对酚和苯胺分别为 1 .5和 1 .1。实验结果显示 ,当系统的压力为 3 0MPa ,温度为 4 50℃ ,停留时间为 1 90s,K =2 .0 (对酚 )和系统压力为 2 5MPa,温度为 50 0℃ ,停留时间为 3 0s,K =1 .2 (对苯胺 ) ,氧化效率都接近 1 0 0 %。含酚废水处理结果表明温度、压力、停留时间 3种因素中 ,温度是主要影响因素     

活性橙7在亚临界/超临界水中的结焦反应试验研究

针对印染污染物的超临界水氧化处理系统中,有机物在预热过程中结焦积碳引起的系统设备及管线堵塞问题,本文提出了对典型印染污染物活性橙7染料在亚临界/超临界水中的水热反应进行研究,考察了操作参数对染料有机物向焦油转化过程的影响机制.研究结果表明,反应温度为350℃时,焦油的转化率最大,部分氧化以及添加剂NaOH有利于气化反应路径的进行,进而可有效地抑制焦油生成,另外增加物料浓度,促进了染料化合物向焦油积碳的转化,而这不利于系统运行.研究结果可以为优化印染污染物的超临界水氧化系统提供理论依据.     

超临界水降解聚乙烯及聚乙烯/聚苯乙烯混合塑料的研究

对聚乙烯(PE)和聚乙烯与聚苯乙烯(PS)混合塑料进行了超临界水降解实验．考察了原料配比和反应时间对降解反应的影响,确定了适宜的超临界水降解PE及PE／PS混合塑料的反应条件．实验结果显示,超临界水可将PE及PE／PS混合塑料降解为液态油状物．PE和PE／PS混合物可在440℃下0．5h内完全降解．     

大环多胺镍配合物催化过氧化氢降解碱性品红催化性能与机理

以大环多胺镍配合物[NiL](ClO_4)_2为催化剂(L=1,8-二甲基-1,3,6,8,10,13六氮杂十四烷),H2O2为氧化剂,碱性品红为底物,研究了催化剂用量、氧化剂投入量、底物浓度、反应溶液pH值、反应温度、常见阴离子和天然有机物对催化反应效率的影响.结果表明,反应体系p H=6,催化剂浓度200μmol·L~(-1),碱性品红浓度15 mg·L~(-1),氧化剂投入量0.12 mol·L~(-1),在50℃下反应催化速率达最大值,10 min内碱性品红脱色率96.7%.通过自由基淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振测试发现[NiL](ClO_4)_2-H_2O_2反应体系中主要起氧化降解作用的自由基是O_2~-·,并推测反应机理为:过氧化氢与大环多胺镍配位化合物的中心离子镍配位,形成一个五配位的配位化合物,配位化合物在溶液中分解能给出超氧离子,超氧离子降解碱性品红.     

苯酚的超临界水氧化试验

以自建的一套连续式超临界水氧化装置的温度，压力，溶氧量和流量等参数的可控性进行了实验，并在此基础上进行了苯酚的超临界水氧化研究。结果表明：所建立的装置能比较精确控制各种条件参数，是可靠的超临界水氧化试验研究装置。在氧气过量的条件下，停留时间是影响苯酚在超临界水中氧化分解的主要因素，反应的温度和压力升高导致苯致苯酚去除率的增大，只要有足够的氧气，苯酚起始浓度的增加对苯酚的转化率影响不明显，在实验条件下，溶液中苯酚的去除动力学对苯酚是一级，氧气是零级。     

含聚乙二醇废水超临界气化产H2特性的研究

利用连续流釜式超临界水反应器,以聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟废水为研究对象,研究PEG浓度、反应温度、停留时间以及KOH催化剂对含PEG废水的超临界气化产H2特性的影响.结果表明,气体产物主要成分为H2,CH4,CO和CO2,在500℃,压力25MPa,停留时间50s的条件下,TOC去除率、碳气化率和氢气化率分别达到98.56%,98.33%和141.82%;PEG浓度的升高会导致气化效率下降,反应温度的上升和停留时间的延长对气化效率有正影响.KOH催化剂的加入可以温和反应条件,提高气化效率,消除CO的产生并使气体产物中部分CO2以无机盐形式固定,从而提高了产物中有效组分H2的相对含量.在450℃,压力25MPa,停留时间30s,KOH浓度800mg·l-1时,TOC去除率和氢气化率分别为91.08%和186.06%,含PEG废水在超临界状态下可转化为富氢气体.     

CWPO体系中污泥炭催化降解头孢氨苄废水

通过加入正丁醇以共沸蒸馏法对剩余污泥进行脱水,再对污泥进行干燥、焙烧和改性得到污泥炭催化剂.将污泥炭催化剂用于催化湿式过氧化氢氧化体系,处理头孢氨苄废水.采用响应面法中的中心组合设计实验,考察反应温度、初始pH和过氧化氢投加量对TOC降解率的影响,反应温度和过氧化氢投加量具有显著交互作用.在最佳实验条件下(T=50℃、pH=3.00、H_2O_2=0.071 mol·L~(-1)),TOC去除率为59%,接近预测的TOC去除率(60%),在95%的置信区间内,说明该模型可靠.SEM、TEM、TPD-MS、XPS和FT-IR等分析结果表明污泥炭表面存在纳米尺寸片状结构,这种结构中存在酚羟基、羰基、羧基等活性官能团和醌类结构,且ICP-OES、EDAX和~(57)Fe穆斯堡尔谱等分析结果表明,污泥炭中含有不同价态的Fe,能有效地催化过氧化氢分解,将头孢氨苄转化为苯甲酸、丁二酮等小分子物质,再进一步完全氧化.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central