涪陵页岩气开发主要环境风险分析及对策研究

涪陵国家级页岩气示范区取得重大突破对中国页岩气行业产生了重大影响,但开发过程中的环境风险也不容忽视,主要包括:钻井液漏失、废水污染物、固体废物等.对此,涪陵示范区创新环境管理模式,通过构建完善的环境管理体系、优化井场选址、强化井场标准化建设、细化污染防治措施、开展环境监理工作、强化日常环境监测、加强新技术研究与应用等手段,有效的控制了页岩气开发过程中的环境风险,较好的保护了当地的环境,具有很好的示范和推广作用.     

物联网技术在环境监测中的应用

物联网是继互联网之后的又一次信息技术革命,而环境保护是物联网技术应用的典型领域,环保物联网是物联网技术在环保领域的智能应用,物联网应用成为提高环境管理水平、发展战略性环保产业的重要手段。本文介绍环保物联网的概念及应用的总体架构,论述了环保物联网在中国环保领域的发展与实践。分析了环保物联网在天津市环境监测中的发展现状,指出了环保物联网在环境监测中应用存在的问题,提出推动环保物联网在天津市环境监测建设和发展的建议。     

我国页岩气开发中环境保护法律制度研究——以美国经验为借鉴

能源对于一国的战略意义不言而喻,合理开发利用页岩气成为我国能源发展的新方向,对于满足我国能源消费需求、实现能源可持续发展具有重要意义。但是,页岩气开发中还需要考虑到对生态环境造成的不良影响,而我国现有的环境保护法律法规和制度并不能完全解决开发页岩气可能带来的特殊环境问题。美国是世界上最早开发利用页岩气的国家,其页岩气开发中的环境保护制度较为完善,因此有必要借鉴美国的先进经验并建立符合我国国情的页岩气开发环境保护法律制度。首先从可持续发展的角度,阐述了开发页岩气有利于保障国家能源安全、满足能源消费需求和促进节能减排的重要意义;然后分析了我国页岩气开发中的环保立法现状及其不足;随后总结了美国页岩气开发中环境保护相关的制度体系和监管机制,如美国出台了系列环保法律,制定了环境影响评价制度、排污许可制度和信息公开制度等管理政策,并形成了"以州为主,联邦调控""政监分离"等独具特色的环境保护监管机制,这些先进经验均值得我国借鉴;最后,在此基础上,提出了完善我国页岩气开发中相关的环境保护法律法规和标准规范、建立页岩气开发中环境保护制度的框架、加强对页岩气开发中环境保护监督三方面的建议,以促进我国页岩气开发的可持续发展。     

中国页岩气开发过程环境管理现状与对策分析研究

中国页岩气资源储量丰富,随着页岩气商业勘探开发的不断推进,引发的生态环境问题日益突出.从页岩气开采工艺来看,开发对水、大气、土壤及生态地质环境等都有一定的影响.此外,中国页岩气开发过程中还存在法规标准体系不健全、监管机制缺乏、环境准入机制不明等问题.因此,针对页岩气开发所带来的环境风险,亟需完善法律法规与标准体系、严格监督管理、制定开发环境规划.同时,建设环保示范工程,加大环保科研投入,降低页岩气开发的环境影响,实现页岩气开发的绿色可持续发展.     

谈谈我国水污染防治的技术设备问题

宋健同志在国务院环境委员会第十三次会议上的讲话中指出“进一步强化管理,强化监督,加强法制建设和环境队伍建设。……同时,我们要加强环境保护科学技术的研究与开发,努力推动环保产业的形成和发展……。把这两个方面结合起来,防治污染和改善环境的工作就能达到一个新的水平”。曲格平同志亦多次提出发展环保产业问题。发展环保产业是控制污染、改善环境的物质基础,是环境管理与监督的重要支柱,所以加强环境管理与促进环保产业的发展是相辅相成的不可分离的两个方面。     

构建重庆市一体化环保物联网

面对环保事业快速发展的新形势,为提升环境管理能力和水平,重庆市环境保护信息中心将物联网、大数据、移动互联等为代表的新兴信息技术与环境管理深度融合,着力构建全市一体化的环保物联网,推动环境监管从传统粗放向更加精细准确、智能高效管理模式转变。     

环保物联网技术及应用研究

物联网的发展如火如荼,作为新兴高技术产业的重要组成部分,物联网技术广泛应用于各行各业。丈中阐述了环保物联网技术及其应用系统,详细介绍了以在线监测、视频和工况监测三种手段联合监控的感知端技术,信息传输网络技术,以及环保物联网智慧监控平台,描述了物联网技术在污染企业综合监控管理、环境质量综合监测管理、环境应急管理中的实际应用,最后提出环保物联网应在技术规范、技术保障、感知设备研发、感知数据处理等方面进行深入研究,形成一个全覆盖、全运转、全应用、可持续的环保物联网体系。     

我国页岩气开发利用的环境政策分析

我国页岩气开发目前按照常规油气资源来进行环境监管,但与常规油气资源相比,页岩气开发在压裂液、返排液处理等方面具有特殊性,现有法律法规难以完全规制页岩气开发造成的环境问题,建议尽快出台针对页岩气开发利用的专项环境法规、标准和政策,充分考虑水资源和环境承载力,合理布局页岩气产业,积极鼓励支持页岩气绿色开发,并建立对开发区域周边居民的补偿机制,促进我国页岩气产业绿色发展。     

国家环境技术管理体系的构建与实施

构建国家环境技术管理体系,是贯彻落实国务院《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》和国家环保总局《关于增强环境科技创新能力的若干意见》的重要措施,目的是增强环保技术管理的科学性、系统性和规范性,为环境管理、标准制(修)订和实施、技术评估、环境执法和监督提供可靠的技术依据,促进环境科技创新,引导环保产业发展.     

破解污染困局开辟环境蓝海——访北京桑德环保集团总裁文一波

环保产业是推进环境保护的技术保障及促进污染减排的重要支撑,加快发展环保产业,有利于加大污染治理力度,综合解决环境问题.就综合治理环境污染和推进环保产业发展等相关问题,本刊记者日前对北京桑德环保集团总裁文一波进行了专访.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.