Fenton-曝气生物滤池深度处理柠檬酸废水中试

柠檬酸废水(二级出水)具有可生化性差,难生物降解的特点,可采用Fenton氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺进行处理。试验表明:当H2O2投加量为最优化条件下的0.6m L/L时,Fenton氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对COD有着良好并且稳定的去除效果。其中,Fenton起到改善废水可生化性作用,通过去除废水中的类腐殖酸、类富里酸组分,可以将废水ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)从0.26增加到0.75,后续曝气生物滤池继续对COD进行生物降解,组合工艺在15 d的连续运行条件下,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水ρ(COD)<50 mg/L。     

柠檬酸生产物废水处理工艺及展望

柠檬酸在我国行业应用中较为广泛,但由此产生的废水不容忽视.本文通过柠檬酸废水来源及水质状况分析,就光合细菌法、乳状液膜法、生产饲料酵母法和Fenton试剂氧化法四种工艺优点和不足以及实践运用进行详细论述,并对工艺发展方向进行了简要展望.     

柠檬酸中和废水回用技术研究

本文研究了柠檬酸中和废水回用工艺技术。中和废水经碱（ＮａＯＨ）沉淀和酸（Ｈ２ＳＯ４）中和预处理措施，直接用于发酵配料。实验用菌株Ｃ－９８自黑曲霉ＣＢＸ－１２分离获得。最佳发酵条件：总还原糖１４％￣１６％，麦麸２．５％，初始ｐＨ６．５，乙醇１．５％，同传统的柠檬酸废水处理工艺比较，该工艺在投资和运转成本方面具有潜在的优势。     

生物膜法处理柠檬酸废水的研究

针对柠檬酸废水可生化性差、成分复杂等特点,采用生物膜法进行处理.实验结果表明：该工况对COD、NH3-N具有较好的去除效率,去除率分别为93％、97％,达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准.     

印染废水回用的反渗透预处理技术

针对印染废水回用时水中有机物浓度、盐度和色度高等问题,以苏南某污水处理厂中试试验基地(70%以上为印染废水)二级生化出水为研究对象,对混凝沉淀-超滤(以下称组合工艺1)、BAC(生物活性炭滤池)-超滤(组合工艺2)和混凝沉淀-BAC-超滤(组合工艺3)3种工艺进行比较研究,系统考察其作为反渗透预处理技术的可行性. 结果表明:组合工艺3对印染废水二级生化出水中COD_Cr、TCU(真色)及浊度的平均去除率分别为53.0%、49.2%和99.5%,UV₂₅₄下降了50.0%,均高于其他2个组合工艺. 对超滤膜表面污染阻力分布的测定可知,组合工艺3中不可逆污染造成膜污染的程度最轻. 此外,3种组合工艺的出水通过反渗透装置后的平均脱盐率分别为98.0%、97.5%和98.2%. 可见,针对该研究中涉及的二级生化出水,组合工艺3预处理工艺是反渗透预处理的最佳工艺.      

柠檬酸生产废水的治理

我国是世界上最大的柠檬酸生产和出口国，柠檬酸也是我国最大的生物出口产品，柠檬酸生产过程产生的大量高浓度有机废水引起的环境问题，长期以来一直是制约行业发展的主要因素之一。本文总结了柠檬酸生产废水治理的经验和问题，希望能给柠檬酸等高浓度有机废水的治理和环保管理提供一些帮助。     

生化燃料综合废水处理改扩建工程

某生化燃料综合废水处理改扩建工程采用"上旋流厌氧IC反应器和一体式氧化沟"主体工艺处理柠檬酸废水和综合废水,原水COD浓度在10 000~30 000 mg/L,经上旋流厌氧IC反应器处理后出水COD在2 000~2 500 mg/L,经一体式氧化沟处理后出水COD在200~250 mg/L,稳定达到排放标准:ρ(COD)≤300 mg/L。     

强化混凝与Fenton试剂氧化处理含聚采油废水的中试研究

采用强化混凝加Fenton试剂氧化技术组合工艺研究其对含聚采油废水的处理效果。分别考察了混凝反应pH及混凝药剂投加浓度和Fenton试剂氧化反应中H2O2以及Fe2+的投加浓度对含聚采油废水处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,废水的COD达到48 mg/L,SS达到9 mg/L,色度达到16倍,能够达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准。强化混凝加Fenton试剂氧化技术组合工艺对含聚采油废水具有良好的处理效果。     

曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理肉类加工废水生产性试验研究

以实际工程调试为依据,阐述了曝气生物滤池组合工艺的原理和特点,通过运行结果分析及运行费用核算得出结论:该套组合工艺对地处北方的肉类加工企业,是一个技术可行、比较经济的废水处理方案     

利用光合细菌处理柠檬酸废水

利用光合细菌处理柠檬酸废水南通发酵厂管希夷，王济生南通市发酵厂与上海交通大学生物技术研究所在日本小栋正泰先生的帮助下，进行了利用光会细菌处理柠檬酸废水的大量试验，并建立了日处理！５０～ｓ００ｔ柠檬酸废水的装置，但由于仍有明显不足之处，该厂大胆采用了新...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.