美国颜料工业受到铅危险的警告

美国工业团体全国颜料和涂料协会(NPCA)与州检察总长就制定一个国家信息项目达成了协议，项目内容涉及在可能含有旧铅涂料的建筑改造和修缮期间曝露在铅尘中的危险．此项运动将包括消费者涂料产品警告、销售信息要点以及教育和培训。     

高层建筑水箱浸出有机物的GC/MS分析

采用高分子大网状吸附树脂(XAD)富集技术和GC/MS方法,对国内七种材料的水箱浸出有机物进行了分析,共计检出有机物百余种.根据测定结果可以判定,作为水箱的材质和涂料,水泥、SHZ-90瓷釉和玻璃钢是比较好的,其次为环氧树脂;聚胺酯和“青凝”涂料配方中都存在较大问题,应进一步改进;防锈漆问题最多,效果最差,应逐步淘汰.这一工作为合理地选择水箱材料和二次加压高层建筑供水设施的卫生学评价提供了科学依据.     

冷邦定法制备金属粉末涂料

提出了一种常温下金属粉末涂料冷邦定的方法.该法首先由聚乙烯醇(PVA)胶水包裹金属铝粉制备带胶铝粉,而后通过流化床湿空气法处理带胶铝粉和粉末涂料底粉,实现二者在室温下的邦定.通过实验对流化床湿空气法中相关影响因素:流化气体相对湿度、流化时间和流化气体流量进行了考察,得出在该装置上当流化气体为饱和湿空气,流化时间为10 min,流化气体流量为0.5 L·min~(-1)时,邦定效果最佳.与未邦定的金属粉末涂料相比,沉积到测试板上的样品与初始样品中金属铝粉含量差值大大减小,说明金属铝粉和底粉邦定成功,制备的金属粉末涂料达到工业使用要求.     

泡沫塑料萃取分离法的研究——农作物中痕量稀土元素的测定

溶剂萃取为分析化学中重要的分离方法之一,该法一般具有分离效果好、操作简易、快速等优点。但由于使用有机溶剂,以致造成污染环境,影响工作人员的身体健康。为了使溶剂萃取能更广泛地用于分析化学的生产实际中,我们针对其存在的问题,利用反相萃取色谱的技术,研究了一种拟称为“泡沫塑料萃取”的分离方法。这种方法是将有机溶剂(与萃取剂)附着于泡沫塑料上,萃取时将其放入盛有反应溶液的塑料软管中,经振荡后待分离物即为泡沫塑料上的萃取剂所萃取;再通过软管挤压管内的     

LC/MS/MS检测水中的高氯酸盐

高氯酸盐是一种普遍、潜在的有害污染物,会破坏甲状腺功能,既有天然的,又可人工合成．天然存在的高氯酸盐常用作化肥的原料,人工合成的则广泛应用于诸如皮革加工、橡胶制造、涂料生产、润滑油添加剂等领域,并且是固体火箭推进剂的主要成分．使用及不合理的处理强水溶性高氯酸盐将导致其迁移至地下水、地面水,污染土壤、饮用水及灌溉用水．     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养黄孢原毛平革菌合成木素过氧化物酶系

利用三相鼓泡塔反应器固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌，可以高效地合成木素过氧化物酶系，固定化载体为聚氨酯泡沫塑料．实验表明，合成木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最佳通气量均是1．0vvm。在此通气量下，最大木素过氧化物酶的酶活达367U/L，最大锰过氧化物酶的酶活达4．72U／mL。在使用相同的培养基和固定化载体单位体积用量条件下，与摇瓶培养相比，酶活分别增大1倍和1．2倍．一定条件下，在三相鼓泡塔中可以进行重复间歇培养生产木素过氧化物酶，连续进行了5批培养，每批最大木素过氧化物酶的活力均在250U／L以上，最高酶活出现在第二批为480U／L，总培养时间达22d．图9参15     

泡沫塑料富集法测定珠江口水体中的六六六异构体

本实验利用开孔聚氨酯泡沫塑料富集珠江口水体中的微量六六六农药的异构体,用石油醚作为洗脱剂,提取液经浓绪、脱水后用气相色谱仪进行分离测定。本法对六六六异构体的平均回收率为:α-六六六93.6％、β-六六六99.7％、γ-六六六88.1％、δ-六六六102.3％;变动系数为:α-六六六0.056％、β-六六六0.065％、γ-六六六0.082％、δ-六六六0.152％。     

无载体泡沫塑料吸附平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤、河底泥、煤飞灰、水泥样品中痕量铊

本文介绍一种用聚氨酯泡沫塑料作提取剂的固—液萃取铊的方法。在溴水存在下,三价铊由0.5N—6N盐酸或2—20％混合酸(HNO_3 HClO_4 HF=1 1 1,体积比)溶液中,被聚氨酯泡沫塑料所吸附,然后用2％亚硫酸溶液加热至近沸解脱。分离和富集的铊用平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定。方法具有提取效率离、干扰少、操作简单、经济和容易推广的优点。本文已用于测定土壤、河底泥、煤飞灰、水泥和NBS—1646及1633a标准参考物质中的铊,均碍到满意的结果和较好精密度。     

不同场所室内空气中主要有机污染物的定性分析

利用大气采样罐对不同场所如居室、汽车、超市的室内空气进行采样,利用预浓缩器将气体样品冷聚焦,并去除水和CO2,然后自动将样品导入气相色谱质谱,分析其中的主要有机污染物。结果表明,室内、轿车和超市内的有机污染物主要为苯系物、卤代烃、烷烃和酮类,它们大部分来自板材、涂料、皮革和装饰物等。该方法采样快速简单,分析操作中不需使用任何有机试剂,实验背景干扰少,定性分析准确。     

某复合化工污染场地不同介质有机物污染特征层次分析

为全面多层次了解污染场地有机物污染特征,本研究选取生产过农药和涂料产品的某复合污染场地为研究对象,分析该场地不同区域环境空气、土壤气以及土壤等3种介质中有机物污染特征,比较了不同区域不同介质中有机物的存在差异,同时对不同深度土壤及土壤气进行了污染特征分析.结果表明,场地有机物成分复杂,环境空气、土壤气和土壤的3种介质中共检出354种物质,土壤中检出物质数量多达177种,环境空气90种物质,土壤气共检出153种物质.从物质种类组成来看,主要为苯系物、含氧有机物、烷烯烃以及含卤有机物（主要是含氯有机物）;该场地环境空气存在较为严重的挥发性有机物污染,场地不同区域环境空气TVOCs浓度高于国内主要城市城区和部分工业区检测值,涂料环境1#VOCs污染最严重,苯系物和含氧有机物是主要的浓度组成物质,多来自于涂料和农药生产中使用的有机溶剂.不同区域不同深度土层土壤气中挥发性有机物污染程度不同,就不同区域而言,原农药区浓度最高(19.27 mg·m^-3),涂料区1#浓度最低(13.41 mg·m^-3);不同土层土壤气VOCs污染程度不同,涂料区两个区域2 ...     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.