亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响

以厌氧/好氧生化反应器中的聚磷菌为实验对象,探讨了亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌吸磷效果的影响.结果表明:低浓度NO₂^--N可以作为聚磷菌的电子受体,实现NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷,但吸磷总量和吸磷速率明显低于NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的效果;当NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N共存于缺氧环境时,NO₂^--N对NO₃^--N型反硝化除磷的除磷总量和速率没有影响,但会降低NO₃^--N的消耗量;NO₂^--N型反硝化除磷污泥的好氧吸磷量和速率均低于传统A/O厌氧放磷污泥的效果,但由于它经历了缺氧吸磷和好氧吸磷2个阶段,因此,从吸磷总量或出水水质看,二者相差不大.     

SBR双颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷性能研究

以模拟废水为研究对象,对SBR双颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除磷性能进行了考察.试验结果表明,A₂N双颗粒污泥系统能使硝化菌和聚磷菌分别在各自最佳的环境中生长,有利于系统脱氮除磷的稳定和高效运行,可控制性也得到了提高.在COD为300 mg·L^-1条件下,系统对COD的平均去除率达到78.8%,大部分COD被聚磷菌用来合成PHA;当溶解氧控制在3.55~4.90 mg·L^-1和5.60~6.60 mg·L^-1之间时,硝化SBR对氨氮的去除率分别为87.0%和94.5%.除磷SBR仅设置缺氧段时,磷去除率为72%;增设后曝气段后,磷去除率增至85%.NO_x^--N(NO₂^--N+ NO₃^--N)的去除主要发生在缺氧段,在反硝化除磷时作为电子受体被去除,平均去除率为90.6%.     

城市污水处理厂缺氧池短程反硝化现象及影响因素研究

调研了北方某城市污水处理厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的现象.该污水处理厂采用传统厌氧/缺氧/好氧（A/A/O）工艺,在缺氧池中存在稳定的短程反硝化过程,且缺氧池中亚硝态氮积累率最高可达88.4%.16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Thauera可能是导致该厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的主要菌种,而短程反硝化现象出现的主要原因可能为外加碳源乙酸钠和系统较高的pH值.取活性污泥在COD/NO₃^--N为2~5条件下进行反硝化批次试验,结果表明硝态氮的还原速率均高于亚硝态氮的还原速率,且最大硝态氮到亚硝态氮的转换率均在50%左右.但碳源充足时,积累的NO₂^-会在NO₃^-被还原完后继续发生还原反应,从而导致最终亚硝态氮积累效果变差.本研究,以乙酸钠为碳源,COD/NO₃^--N为3可使反硝化过程获得最高亚硝态氮积累.因此,控制合适COD/NO₃^--N或缺氧反应时间是短程反硝化工艺运行的关键控制参数.本研究可为实际污水处理厂构建短程反硝化并进一步耦合厌氧氨氧化技术提供参考.     

A2N系统中低碳污水的反硝化除磷优化及运行稳定性

采用序批式生物移动床（SBMBBR）,通过优化反应条件可以取得较高的聚-β-羟基丁酸盐（PHB）富集效率,通过双泥系统的操作,可以实现低碳下的高效反硝化除磷.在进水COD 200 mg/L、pH为中性的生活污水中,并在搅拌速度为80 r/min下,磷的去除率达到83.7%,NO^-₃-N的去除率达到81.4%,NO^-₂-N的去除率接近100%,取得较好的反硝化除磷作用.较大的生物量是保证较高效率的反硝化除磷的关键之一.采用双泥系统运行SBMBBR,可以获得稳定的、较高效率的脱氮除磷.在COD为140～170 mg/L, TN为34～42 mg/L低碳氮比的实际废水处理中,磷的去除率达到89.2%,TN的去除率达到84.5%.在处理过程中,排泥中的磷量基本与进水中磷的量一致,未发现磷的其它去除路径.     

不同电子受体对反硝化除磷菌缺氧吸磷的影响

利用厌氧/缺氧/好氧交替运行模式培养和富集反硝化除磷污泥,通过在缺氧段分别投加不同浓度的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,进行了反硝化除磷菌（DPB）在不同电子受体条件下的缺氧吸磷试验.结果表明,在保证有足够的硝酸盐电子受体的情况下,DPB的缺氧吸磷速率几乎不受硝酸盐浓度的影响,在试验条件下,缺氧阶段每消耗1 mg NO^-₃-N吸收约1 mg PO^３－_４-P;在一定浓度条件下,亚硝酸盐能够作为电子受体参与DPB反硝化吸磷,DPB在较低亚硝酸盐浓度（NO^-₂-N在5～20 mg/L范围）下的缺氧吸磷速率高于以硝酸盐为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率,并且缺氧吸磷速率在这个范围内随NO^-₂-N浓度的升高而降低;亚硝酸盐对DPB缺氧吸磷的抑制程度随其浓度的增加而增强,当NO^-₂-N≥35 mg/L时,DPB的缺氧吸磷反应几乎完全停止.     

异养硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17的脱氮特性及动力学研究

异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌Acinetobacter junii WZ17脱氮效果良好,为确定其脱氮特性及动力学过程,利用“样条插值法”研究了菌株生长阶段,并采用Logistic模型和修正的Gompertz模型对菌株生长及氮素去除过程进行拟合,结合反硝化过程中间产物,分析菌株脱氮途径.结果显示,菌株WZ17以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N唯一氮源时,生长适应期分别为2.89、3.13和3.13 h,最大去除速率分别为8.47、5.76和5.18 mg·L^-1·h^-1,生长和底物去除过程分别符合Logistic模型（R²>0.9）和修正的Gompertz模型（R²>0.9）.硝化过程中,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的积累量仅为0.13和0.14 mg·L^-1,反硝化过程中,NO₂^--N的积累量为1.55 mg·L^-1.“样条插值法”的运用可以准确地划分菌株WZ17的生长阶段,菌株WZ17对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N均具有较好的去除效果,反硝化途径为NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N→N_xO_y.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化处理生活污水脱氮除碳

采用SBR-ASBR组合工艺处理实际生活污水,SBR中考察缺氧/好氧时间比及温度对部分亚硝化（partial nitritation,PN）的作用,ASBR中研究COD/NO₂^--N（C/N）对厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX）协同反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.①控制温度为25℃,在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min,单周期交替3次时,NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）于第22 d为98.06%,比亚硝态氮产生速率（SNiPR,以N/VSS计）为0.28g·（g·d）^-1,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN和COD分别为12.29 mg·L^-1和110.36mg·L^-1.②在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min下,温度为15℃时,丝状菌大量繁殖,污泥活性和沉降性变差;温度为30℃时,NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N比例为86.83%,造成出水NH₄⁺-N浓度过低,不能为厌氧氨氧化提供合适基质浓度;温度为25℃时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为31.58 mg·L^-1和35.04mg·L^-1,匹配厌氧氨氧化基质比.③组合工艺脱氮性能良好,出水TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度分别稳定在13.13、4.83和69.96mg·L^-1,去除率分别为83.10%、93.64%和75.11%.调节ASBR进水C/N为2.5、2.0和1.5时,C/N为2.0时厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮除碳性能最佳,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N和COD分别为0.09、0.25、1.04和32.73mg·L^-1.     

不同碳源模式下酵母菌PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的应用研究

针对首次分离得到的一株具有同步脱氮除磷新功能的热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis） PNY2013,通过生理及动力学特征,连续流运行操作及其在含糖类工业废水中的应用3个环节,探讨了不同碳源模式下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的特性.结果表明：PNY2013以葡萄糖、乙醇及乙酸为唯一碳源时均生长良好,其最大比增长速率μ_max分别为0.1327、0.1252及0.1115 h^-1,其同步脱氮除磷率分别可达100%、80%、100%（NH₄⁺-N）及93%、95%、98%（PO₄^3--P）.3种碳源下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的最佳条件基本接近为：温度30℃,pH=8.0,溶解氧0~2 mg·L^-1,C/N=200∶5左右.PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的长期连续运行条件下的实验进一步表明,以葡萄糖为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达400及80 mg·L^-1时,两者去除率均接近100%.与这种超强能力相比,以乙醇及乙酸为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达100及20 mg·L^-1时,两者的去除率也可达60%~80%（NH₄⁺-N）及40%（PO₄^3--P）,显示出相当的同步脱氮除磷能力.在以模拟制糖废水、淀粉加工废水、啤酒废水、味精废水这4种典型含糖工业废水为碳源条件下,除淀粉加工废水外PNY2013均能有效去除COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P,其中,制糖、啤酒、制药废水中的COD去除率分别可达40%、89%、96%,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为85%、94%、76%,PO₄^3--P去除率均为90%.即使在40000 mg·L^-1（制糖）及12500 mg·L^-1（啤酒）的高COD条件下,PNY2013也均具有稳定的NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除效果,显示出良好的同步脱氮除磷应用前景.     

NO-3和NO-2作为电子受体时的反硝化除磷实时控制

采用SBR厌氧/缺氧运行方式,研究了NO^-₃和NO^-₂作为电子受体时的反硝化除磷效能及ORP与pH作为反硝化除磷过程控制参数的可行性.结果表明,反硝化除磷过程中COD、磷酸盐、电子受体浓度与体系pH和ORP的变化具有较强的相关性.在厌氧阶段,当释磷结束时,pH值平台的出现指示了释磷的结束;在缺氧阶段,吸磷结束后,ORP出现拐点,标志着缺氧吸磷的完成.另外,考察了2种电子受体（NO^-₃和NO^-₂）反硝化除磷的效能.在以NO^-₃为电子受体的反应中,在缺氧初期30 min反应中,平均摄磷速率为32.68 mg/(L·h),每吸收1 mg PO^3-₄-Ｐ 约消耗1.14 mg NO^-₃-Ｎ.在以NO^-₂为电子受体的反应中,在缺氧初期30 min反应中,平均摄磷速率为17.66 mg/(L·h),每吸收1 mg PO^3-₄-Ｐ 约消耗1.57 mg NO^-₂-Ｎ.综上,提出pH和ORP可以作为2种电子受体（NO^-₃和NO^-₂）反硝化除磷的实时控制参数,并且,以NO^-₃为电子受体系统在摄磷方面优于NO^-₂电子受体系统.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.