应用人工神经网络专家系统进行拉深件成形缺陷分析

人工神经网络专家系统是一种新型的专家系统。阐述了人工神经网络专家系统在冲压件成形缺陷分析中的应用，着重指出了人工神经网络专家系统与传统专家系统的不同之处以及在建立冲压件缺陷分析人工神经网络专家系统时所要注意的关键技术。     

人工智能在金属塑性加工领域中的应用

概述了人工智能及其 2个主要分支 (专家系统和人工神经网络 ) ,讨论了遗传算法与专家系统集成以及神经网络与模糊逻辑、专家系统集成的必要性和集成方法 ,分别介绍了专家系统和人工神经网络在塑性加工领域中的应用现状。     

GIS支持下的水文生态效应评价混合型专家系统设计初探

文章从人工神经网络(ANN)、专家系统(ES)各自的优势和不足出发，结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术的特点，介绍了水文生态效应评价的混合型专家系统(HEMES)的基本结构模式和各模块的功能。然后抓住ANN、ES、GIS的共同作用因子一专家知识，从数据库结构、C 类方面探讨了三者集成的问题，并根据集成的思想探讨了相关功能设计。指出HEMES是一种更准确、易操作的评价技术，可作为相关管理、决策者的辅助工具。     

用微生物群落评价水系的自组织人工神经网络方法

利用原生物群落在PFU上群集过程中的变化,可以评价水质和监测水污染,运用T．Kohonen自组织人工神经网络模型,根据NacArthur－Wilson平衡模型提出了3个功能参数和另外2个结构参数,对常德市16个站四季的水质进行了分析,建立了水质污染程度预测的计算机智能专家系统,预测成功率达100％。     

环境专家系统进展

本文对国内外环境专家系统的进展及其特点进行了综述。认为:环境专家系统可以应用于环境科学的各个领域,成为解决环境问题的有用工具。目前,基于事实的推理型专家系统是环境专家系统的主流,环境专家系统又是环境数据库、环境信息系统的进一步补充与完善。文中最后例举了如何将环境模式计算和环境专家系统结合起来解决区域大气质量评价的实际问题。     

综合环境质量的B－P网络二级评价

为了探索人工神经网络应用于环境质量评价的可行性和合理性,应用人工神经网络的B－P模型,构造了大气、水质和噪声的综合环境质量的B－P网络二级评价模型。并将该模型应用于实例作效果检验。结果表明B－P网络用于环境质量评价适应性强,方法可行,结果合理。      

人工神经网络模型和公路复垦土地适宜性评价

提出了人工神经网络用于公路临时用地复垦土地适宜性评价，利用该模型对京大高速公路山西段复垦山西段复垦土地进行了适宜性评价，探讨了人工神经网络在土地复垦适宜性评价时的特点和注意问题。     

神经网络模型在环境现状评价中应用研究

人工神经网络技术具有很强的非线性映射能力和并行性、自适应、容错性及自学能力,已广泛应用于包括环境在内的多学科领域。文章将人工神经网络技术应用于环境影响评价中,通过案例研究用人工神经网络解决环境评价中的问题。以山西吕梁地区环境影响评价为案例,选择人工神经网络中的BP网络,径向基网络和自组织竞争网络等三种网络模型对其进行环境影响现状评价,并对评价结果作对比分析,通过网络设计、网络训练和模拟,结果说明BP神经网络模拟结果比其它两种方法更贴近环境质量现状。同时对不同参数选取得到的结果进行分析,并经过网络参数的不断调整提高评价结果的精度,总结出各种神经网络模型在环境评价应用过程中参数的选取方法。尝试用神经网络解决环境评价中的问题,使环境工作中的方法技术更科学。     

基于RS的城市土地集约利用评价方法研究

论文建立了以遥感数据为主要数据源的城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,对城市土地利用遥感影像(IKONOS)特征进行分析,介绍评价指标遥感信息解译方法。在以遥感为主结合调查获取所有指标信息的基础上,应用综合评价和人工神经网络(ANN)模型对城市土地集约利用进行评价,通过评价结果比较,发现人工神经网络模型能够反映自变量和因变量之间的复杂非线性关系,是一种可行的评价方法。因此,论文构建基于遥感和人工神经网络(ANN)作为城市土地集约利用评价的方法体系,并应用其对石家庄市土地集约利用水平进行了评价。实践证明,这种体系构建评价方法更具时效性,实用性更强,工作更快捷、方便,评价结果更为客观。     

基于规则的露天矿土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统

根据土地复垦适宜性评价的主导因子法，利用CLIPS专家系统语言设计了基于规则的土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统，为露天煤矿土地复垦的土地利用方向提供了决策工具。     

Organic agriculture and ecosystem services

Ecosystem services (ES), such as biological control, pollination, soil formation, nutrient cycling in agriculture are vital for the sustainable supply of food and fibre. The current trends of decline in the ability of agricultural ecosystems to provide ES pose great threat to food security worldwide. This paper discusses the concept of ES and identifies ES associated with agriculture. It discusses the economic and ecological benefits of these ES on farmland in general and its linkages with organic agriculture. The provision of ES on farmland may help to motivate the redesign of small-scale farms using new eco-technologies based on novel and sound ecological knowledge. This has potential to meet the food demand of growing population without damaging human health and the environment.     

Quantification and valuation of ecosystem services in diverse production systems for informed decision-making

The empirical evidence of decline in ecosystem services (ES) over the last century has reinforced the call for ES quantification, monitoring and valuation. Usually, only provisioning ES are marketable and accounted for, whereas regulating, supporting and cultural ES are typically non-marketable and overlooked in connection with land-use or management decisions. The objective of this study was to quantify and value total ES (marketable and non-marketable) of diverse production systems and management intensities in Denmark to provide a basis for decisions based on economic values. The production systems were conventional wheat (Cwheat), a combined food and energy (CFE) production system and beech forest. Marketable (provisioning ES) and non-marketable ES (supporting, regulating and cultural) ES were quantified by dedicated on-site field measurements supplemented by literature data. The value of total ES was highest in CFE (US$ 3142 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) followed by Cwheat (US$ 2767 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and beech forest (US$ 2328 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). As the production system shifted from Cwheat - CFE–beech, the marketable ES share decreased from 88% to 75% in CFE and 55% in beech whereas the non-marketable ES share increased to 12%, 25% and 45% of total ES in Cwheat, CFE and beech respectively, demonstrating production system and management effects on ES values. Total ES valuation, disintegrated into marketable and non-marketable share is a potential way forward to value ES and ‘tune’ our production systems for enhanced ES provision. Such monetary valuation can be used by policy makers and land managers as a tool to assess ES value and monitor the sustained flow of ES. The application of ES-based valuation for land management can enhance ES provision for maintaining the productive capacity of the land without depending on the external fossil-based fertilizer and chemical input.     

Diagnostic yield of exome sequencing in isolated fetal growth restriction: Systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) above that of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or karyotyping in fetuses with isolated fetal growth restriction (FGR). This was a systematic review conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Selected studies included those with (a) only fetuses with FGR in the absence of fetal structural anomalies and (b) negative CMA or karyotyping results. Only positive variants classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic determined as causative of the fetal phenotype were considered. A negative CMA or karyotype result was treated as the reference standard. Eight studies with data on ES diagnostic yield, including 146 fetuses with isolated FGR, were identified. Overall, a pathogenic variant determined as potentially causative of the fetal phenotype was found in 17 cases, resulting in a 12% (95% CI: 7%–18%) incremental performance pool of ES. The vast majority were studied before 32 weeks'gestation. In conclusion, a monogenic disorder was prenatally found in association with apparently isolated FGR in 12% of these fetuses.     

GIS/ES技术在突发性环境污染事故应急管理中的应用探讨

探讨了ＧＩＳ／ＥＳ技术应用于突发性环境污染事故应急管理的可行性及途径，指出利用ＧＩＳ／ＥＳ技术建立的事故应急管理系统有效地对突发性环境污染事故进行智能化管理和应急响应。     

环境监理在原料药项目中的应用实践

文章在总结中国环境监理的特点和实践现状基础上,根据原料药项目的污染特点,分析原料药项目的环境监理流程及需注意的监理事项,以促进原料药项目环境监理工作的发展与交流,使环境监理工作更好地服务于环保管理。     

生态系统服务价值研究进展

生态系统服务价值评价结合了生态学、经济学、社会学、伦理学等学科的相关内容,是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿.本文论述了生态系统服务功能的内涵,就国内外生态系统服务价值评价研究的进展情况分别进行了回顾和总结,提出今后应重点关注生态系统服务价值的时空动态模型开发、时空变化驱动力分析、不确定性分析、评价指标体系与评价方法的标...     

Spatial assessment of ecosystem functions and services for air purification of forests in South Korea

Ecosystem functions can be understood as the quantified amount of an ecosystem’s role in a natural process, while ecosystem services are the requantification of the ecosystem functions by factoring in environmental conditions and human needs based on social perspectives. In this study, differences between ecosystem functions and services were presented in terms of air purification of a forest ecosystem. Forest volume growth was employed to quantify the pollutant absorption capacity of a forest and was indicated by the natural functions (NF) for air purification by a forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystem services can be requantified from the forest functions by adding the air pollutant and population densities. Air pollutant density was applied to the assessment of the environmental services (ES) of forest ecosystems. Furthermore, the environmental social services (ESS) of forest ecosystems were assessed by including population density considerations. We simulated differences in NF, ES, and ESS in relation to pollutant and population density; while NF was spatially quantified without a close relationship to air pollutant and population density, ES and ESS reacted to environmental and social condition more sensitively. These results imply that the ecosystem services of forest resources for air purification are high where the pollutant and population densities are high, while the ecosystem functions of forest resources for air purification depend solely on forest conditions and not on the density changes of air pollutants and population. This study suggests that the differences in NF, ES, and ESS are important factors to be understood and considered in the decision-making process for ecosystem services. When considering human needs and surrounding environmental conditions, the results suggest that decision makers should utilize the ES and ESS concepts, which reflect both population and pollutant density along with additional human-related factors.     

Access to prenatal exome sequencing for fetal malformations: A qualitative landscape analysis in the US

Objective

There is increasing evidence supporting the clinical utility of next generation sequencing for identifying fetal genetic disorders. However, there are limited data on the demand for and accessibility of these tests, as well as payer coverage in the prenatal context. We sought to identify clinician perspectives on the utility of prenatal exome sequencing (ES) and on equitable access to genomic technologies for the care of pregnancies complicated by fetal structural anomalies.

Method

We conducted two focus group discussions and six interviews with a total of 13 clinicians (11 genetic counselors; 2 Maternal Fetal Medicine/Geneticists) from U.S. academic centers and community clinics.

Results

Participants strongly supported ES for prenatal diagnostic testing in pregnancies with fetal structural anomalies. Participants emphasized the value of prenatal ES as an opportunity for a continuum of care before, during, and after a pregnancy, not solely as informing decisions about abortions. Cost and coverage of the test was the main access barrier, and research was the main pathway to access ES in academic centers.

Conclusion

Further integrating the perspectives of additional key stakeholders are important for understanding clinical utility, developing policies and practices to address access barriers, and assuring equitable provision of prenatal diagnostic testing.     

生物炭影响抗生素在土壤中环境行为的Meta分析

生物炭作为一种减污降碳相协同的土壤改良剂,在抗生素污染控制方面均有较大应用前景.为了系统研究生物炭施用对抗生素在土壤中环境行为的影响,对2011～2021年发表的20篇文献进行Meta分析.结果表明,抗生素在生物炭改良土壤中的吸附、降解行为受生物炭施用量与性质的显著影响.施用质量分数为2%时,对抗生素吸附行为的影响最强,效应值为0.19;施用质量分数为5%时,对其降解作用影响显著,效应值为0.23;生物炭比表面积、极性、稳定性和芳香化程度对分配系数的增加影响非常显著,分别为0.11、0.13、0.09和0.18;而生物炭施用量和性质对抗生素迁移行为影响并不显著.生物炭还可通过调控土壤环境间接影响抗生素环境行为.但抗生素在土壤中多环境行为耦合对生物炭的响应机制仍不明确,生物炭田间施用的长效性与负面效应仍缺乏基础数据支撑.     

Relevance for decision making of spatially explicit,participatory scenarios for ecosystem services in an area of a high current demand

Participatory ecosystem services scenarios can be used to inform decision making on the sustainable or wise use of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). To establish the plausibility and coherency of the recently constructed Biscay participatory scenarios, and to analyze policy options for improving sustainability of land use and the supply of ecosystem services, a spatially explicit analysis of land cover change was carried out. The modelling used an innovative methodology which included feedback from key stakeholders. Our study showed that scenario mapping can be a way of testing the credibility and internal consistency of scenarios, and a methodology for making them more coherent; it was also useful for highlighting land use trade-offs. The sustainability analysis for the ES supply side showed the benefits of promoting two land use/cover trends in the Biscay region: (i) an increase of sustainable arable land in the valley zones to reinforce biocapacity and self-provisioning while preserving agroecosystems’ ES flow; and (ii) natural forest regeneration in mountainous and other zones to increase carbon storage and sequestration while enhancing biodiversity and other ES flows. We argue that even if already protected public agro-forest lands may be the best places to start promoting these changes, additional measures are needed to involve private landowners and guarantee changes at a landscape level. Finally, we reflect on the need to make complementary analyses of ES supply and demand as a way of contributing to a broad sustainability agenda.