青海湖流域生态安全评价

进行流域的生态安全评价,对于改善流域的生态环境,维护区域的可持续发展具有重要 的意义。本文选择自然生态环境状态指数、人文社会压力指数、环境破坏压力指数,构建了青海 湖流域生态安全综合评价指数模型,提取了生态安全指标,对2000 年青海湖流域的生态安全进 行了评价。结果表明,2000 年青海湖流域生态安全属于生态安全预警等级,流域生态安全面临着 较为严峻的挑战。气候变化和人类活动对青海湖流域的生态环境产生的负效应,也因此会影响到 区域的可持续发展,所以必须进行流域的综合治理,改善当地的生态环境。     

北运河流域植被覆盖度变化及其生态环境质量评估

北运河流域作为北京城市副中心建设涉及的重要自然地理单元,流域内人类活动剧烈,生态问题突出,植被覆盖率下降.基于植被覆盖度快速实现流域内生态环境质量的全面评价,是打造生态和谐宜居示范区的重要支撑,也是实现新时期首都生态文明建设的关键.本文选取1990年、2004年、2018年时相相近的3期Landsat TM/OLI数据,首先采用线性光谱混合模型进行植被覆盖度(FVC)的计算,再利用主成分分析法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),并对二者时空变化规律及相关性进行探究.结果表明,1990—2018年,研究区平均植被覆盖度与遥感生态指数均呈现先增后减的趋势,植被覆盖度由0.36增长至0.43再降至0.41,遥感生态指数由0.545增加为0.584后又降至0.545.1990—2004年生态质量下降的区域集中分布在北京市主城区四周,环境质量改善的区域集中分布在北运河流域北部、中心城区及东南部,而2004—2018年生态质量下降的重点区域则向东南部流域下游转移,环境质量改善的区域则大面积减少.流域内生态质量保持稳定的区域大幅增加,生态质量差与较差区域占比连续降低,表明研究区大部分区域生态系统状况趋于稳...     

鄱阳湖流域生态环境动态评估及驱动因子分析

鄱阳湖流域生态环境是我国南方地区生态文明建设的重要组成部分.基于Landsat卫星遥感影像,利用主成分分析方法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI)作为生态环境质量评价指标,引入地理探测器模型定量剖析不同影响因素对生态环境空间分异性的影响,分析鄱阳湖流域1990～2020年生态环境质量变化及不同驱动因子的影响程度.结果表明：(1)流域内生态环境质量存在明显的区域性差异,生态质量等级为差和较差地区主要分布在流域中北部的低海拔平原与台地,质量等级为优和良地区主要分布在流域西南部的丘陵山地区域;(2)近30年鄱阳湖流域生态环境整体呈改善趋势,改善地区主要位于低海拔平原区域;(3)人口密度是鄱阳湖流域生态环境质量变化中驱动力最大的影响因子,与城市化发展密切相关的夜间灯光指数因子q值多年来呈升高趋势,鄱阳湖流域生态环境质量受城市化发展的影响越来越大.结果可为鄱阳湖流域生态环境保护工作提供理论依据.     

岷沱江流域社会经济的水环境效应评估研究

引入"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理"(DPSIRM)模型模拟经济社会与水环境之间的相互响应关系,构建流域社会经济的水环境效应评估的指标体系,以揭示出流域经济发展中人、水环境相互作用的链式关系.采用熵变加权法对指标体系的各指标进行赋权,得到水环境效应综合评估指数公式.以长江上游岷沱江流域为研究区域,对岷沱江流域2000—2014年水环境效应进行评估研究,通过综合及子系统评估结果分析,探析影响流域水环境可持续发展的关键因素.评估结果表明:岷沱江流域2000—2006年岷沱江流域的水环境效应处于Ⅲ级(基本安全),从2007年开始,岷沱江流域的水环境效应处于Ⅱ级(安全).岷沱江流域水环境效应评估指数在2000—2011年间呈现逐步上升的趋势,但2003—2006年略有下降,2011年达到最大,2012—2014年又逐步下降.各子系统评估指数差异性较大,有着不同的发展趋势,管理子系统各指标对综合水环境效应影响最大,其次为影响子系统指标、响应子系统指标.论文构建的流域水环境效应评估的DPSIRM及熵权模型具有实用性和可行性,为区域水环境规划与综合管理科学决策提供依据.     

滇池流域水环境承载力及其动态变化特征研究

为了定量分析人口增长、经济发展、资源短缺和环境污染等因素对流域水环境的综合影响,建立了湖泊水环境承载力多目标优化模型.同时,选取人口、灌溉面积、国民生产总值(GDP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)作为水资源和水质量承载力指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标对湖区水环境承载力的权重,并运用指标体系评价法分别计算了2003—2010年滇池流域水环境承载力.结果表明,流域内人口承载度超标,经济承载压力显著增长,富营养化指标——TP、TN呈高负荷波动状态.滇池流域水环境承载力为负承载,水质量承载力影响程度更大.研究结果可为滇池流域的社会经济发展规划、生态环境保护和水资源可持续利用提供科学依据.     

基于GIS与RS技术的北盘江流域生态环境质量评价研究

文章通过对Landsat 8卫星2014年北盘江流域遥感影像数据进行解译,选取植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀程度、石漠化敏感性程度作为评价指标,采用综合指数评价法对北盘江流域2014年的生态环境质量状况进行定量评价和可视化分析.结果表明:(1)从总体上看,北盘江流域生态环境质量较为一般;(2)从面积上看,北盘江流域生态环境质量以较差、一般等级为主,区域面积达14 328.32平方千米,占全流域的53.93%;(3)从空间分布上看,流域中游中山地貌(干流两岸)地区生态环境质量较差。     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响

利用GIS的空间分析功能,对云南澜沧江流域1980年、1992年和2000年3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用解译数据进行图层代数运算,定量分析了土地利用变化及各种土地利用方式的相互转化关系;在土地利用变化的基础上,以景观干扰指数和土地利用类型的敏感度指数为评价指标,分析了不同研究时段内不同空间范围的景观生态风险变化情况.研究结果表明,自1992年以来该流域牛态环境受人类活动干扰增强,耕地、林地、草地三者之间相互转化频率较高;土地利用结构的变化已导致景观生态风险指数发生显著时空差异,中级以上的生态风险主要分布于该流域的中下游,分布范围呈东南向西北方向扩展,风险较高的地区增加幅度较大.受地形、地貌的影响,该区域的景观生态风险各向异性较显著,自相关范围在7.5km之内.澜沧江流域景观生态风险有扩大的趋势,应加强中级以上景观生态风险区域的生态保护与建设,以实现澜沧江流域的生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展.     

新疆塔里木河流域生态脆弱带的环境质量综合评价

塔里木河流域是我国生态环境脆弱地区之一,流域内的不同区域,由于物质及能量匹配上不够协调,宏观上表现出不同的脆弱性特征.依据生态环境质量评价的有关原则,结合塔河流域生态环境的实际情况,筛选出20个指标,建立生态环境综合评价的指标体系.通过构建生态脆弱性指数,综合地反映了塔河流域生态环境质量的优劣程度.结果表明,阿克苏河流域属于生态环境改善区,叶尔羌河流域及塔河上游属于生态环境基本平衡区,和田河流域及塔河中游属于生态环境失调区,而塔河下游属于生态环境严重受损区,评价结果符合实际情况,对指导流域生态环境建设具有重要意义.     

澜沧江梯级水坝库区沉积物重金属和营养盐污染特征及评价

为研究梯级水坝运行条件下沉积物中重金属和营养盐的污染状况,于2016年对澜沧江漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区表层沉积物中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)和营养盐(总有机碳TOC、总氮TN)的污染特征展开了调查,并采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)、有机指数(OI)、有机氮百分数(ONP)、TOC/TN和Pearson相关分析评价了梯级水坝库区沉积物污染状况及空间分布特征.结果表明,沿着库区河流纵向梯度,重金属和营养盐污染均表现为坝前静水区相对较高的空间分布格局.重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价结果表明,上游漫湾库区重金属生态风险(I～III级)总体高于下游大朝山库区(I～II级);而营养盐污染程度则表现为下游大朝山库区高于上游漫湾库区的分布格局.两库区沉积物有机质主要由水库水体产生,漫湾库区坝前静水区雨季有机质来源主要为陆源.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物重金属生态风险与营养盐污染的来源具有一定的空间差异性.梯级水坝工程对沉积物的重金属和营养盐污染具有显著的累积和拦截效应.     

基于生态足迹模型的流域生态承载力时空演变研究

基于生态足迹模型评价流域生态承载力及生态系统压力具有重要的现实意义。文章运用生态足迹模型,测度了九龙江流域2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年生态足迹、生态承载力、生态赤字以及生态压力指数,并对比分析了不同区域、不同地类之间的差异。结果表明:(1)2000-2015年,九龙江流域生态足迹快速上升,由540万hm~2增加至1 257万hm~2;生态承载力缓慢下降,由260万hm~2下降至254万hm~2,这导致生态赤字不断扩大和生态系统压力不断增加;(2)不同区域差异方面,生态足迹由高到低依次为市辖区、县级市和一般县,而生态承载力分布规律与之相反,导致3类区域生态赤字差异不断扩大;(3)不同地类方面,6类土地类型中,耕地和化石能源用地是流域生态足迹的主要贡献因子。其中,化石能源用地是影响流域生态足迹快速上升的关键驱动因子;同时,各地类生态承载力贡献率也在不断变化,主要表现为耕地的下降和建设用地的上升。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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