异步周期换向电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水及其机理研究

针对传统电凝聚法处理废水过程中易出现的电极表面钝化和极化而影响处理效果的现象,采用铝和铁板作为两极同步换向方法,通过周期性改变电流方向使电极钝化和极化现象得以减缓或消失,并实现两极均可溶,利用铝、铁系无机絮凝剂共存时可提高处理效果的特点,对活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水进行处理;通过正交试验,获得了该方法的最佳处理条件.在此基础上,为避免金属铝成分在废水中出现剩余影响水质,采用异步周期换向方式加以改进,考察了铝、铁电极不同通电时间对处理效果的影响,并利用紫外-可见光分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、ICP法、高分辨质谱技术、激光粒度分析仪等手段对废水处理过程主导因素和污染物去除机理以及该方法对强化处理效果的作用机理进行了分析.研究表明,最佳条件下采用异步换向周期电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水30 min可使模拟废水脱色率接近100%,COD去除率可达76%以上;处理过程中起主导作用的是电凝聚过程而非电氧化还原过程;除大部分染料分子被电凝聚气浮或沉降导致脱色外,其余的活性艳蓝X-BR染料分子在电解作用下首先断裂生成了1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根,之后1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根又被直接絮凝上浮或沉降,或者在氢离子作用下发生了加氢反应使双键消失而脱色,模拟废水脱色是上述作用的综合结果.采用改进后的异步周期换向电凝聚法可以使铝铁离子凝聚过程形成的絮体具有更为合理的粒度和结构特性,从而更易于被去除,因此处理效果略优于同步换向和定向电流电凝聚过程,且可以实现处理后废水中铝离子含量降低到无法检出,避免其在处理后的废水中出现剩余影响水质.     

Fe/Fe电凝聚法处理模拟染料废水的影响因素

应用Fe/Fe为反应阴阳电极,选择活性艳蓝模拟废水作为处理对象,以脱色率和能耗为考核指标,对电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝染料模拟废水的脱色行为进行研究。结果表明:在初始pH值为5.5,溶液的搅拌速率为400 r/min,电压为6 V,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度为0.01 mol/L,极板间距为1.0 cm的条件下,使用染料质量浓度为500 mg/L的模拟废水反应35 min,在10 min时活性艳蓝的脱色率达到99%以上。研究表明:以Fe/Fe电极通过电凝聚法对活性艳蓝模拟废水进行脱色处理是可行且高效的。     

电凝聚法对活性红241染料废水脱色实验的研究

通过实验研究了铁阳极电凝聚法对活性红241废水的脱色处理效果,考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、电介质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度对染料脱色效率的影响,结果表明:在一定实验条件下活性红241模拟废水的脱色效率达97%;电流强度、染料浓度、电解液初始pH值、电解液温度、电解质的浓度及种类对脱色效率均有不同程度的影响;以铁为阳极的原位电凝聚处理活性红241模拟废水混凝过程中主要作用机理以吸附电性中和为主;电凝聚过程中活性红241发生了阴极还原反应.     

活性艳蓝X-BR染料废水电化学脱色及其机理研究

采用电凝聚技术,对活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水的电凝聚脱色过程进行研究,考察各种参数对脱色效果的影响,并对其脱色机理进行了初步分析.研究表明:采用电凝聚方法可以使活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水的色度得到有效去除;处理时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、初始pH值、搅拌强度、添加电解质浓度、极板间距等参数均对处理效果有影响,在最...     

用电凝聚法处理活性黄X—R染料废水的实验研究

根据染料废水水质复杂且难于生化处理的特点,采用电凝聚技术,对活性黄X—R模拟染料废水的电凝聚处理进行研究,考察各种参数对染料脱色效果的影响,并对其机理和反应过程动力学特征进行了初步分析。研究表明：采用电凝聚方法可以使活性黄X—R模拟染料废水得到有效处理,其中COD去除率最高可以达到73．43％,色度去除率最高可达到97_3％。     

活性嫩黄染料废水的臭氧降解研究

以活性嫩黄X-7G模拟染料废水为研究对象,观察了臭氧氧化过程中染料溶液的pH、电导以及吸光度的变化,利用离子色谱仪对染料溶液中Cl-、SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的生成过程进行了分析。结果表明臭氧对染料的降解符合一级反应动力学,20min内对染料的脱色率达96.7%以上,染料分子中的Cl和S在反应40min后分别有97.2%和73.5%被氧化为Cl-、SO42-,偶氮键被臭氧化为N2,-NH2部分质子化形成NH4+,新生成的NO3-来源于NH4+和其他含N基团的氧化。     

Al-Cu双金属体系对活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

以典型偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B为模型污染物,采用测定染料去除率、TOC去除率、苯胺生成量的方法及添加EDTA的对照试验,考察Al-Cu双金属体系对偶氮染料废水的脱色机理和脱色动力学.结果表明,在近中性条件下处理30min后脱色率就可达到83%左右;处理120min后脱色率高达96.4%,其中约为34%的色度去除是由于活性艳红X-3B被还原为苯胺,约为20%和30%的色度去除是由于铝离子混凝和铝刨花表面吸附.染料废水脱色是一个先大量吸附再进行内电解还原逐步降解的过程,铝离子的絮凝-吸附作用能有效促进色度的去除.脱色反应可视为表观一级反应,提高反应温度可以加快脱色速率.     

直接黄R染料废水的电解脱色研究

染料在生产环节会产生大量废水,且色度高、成分复杂、可生化降解性差,是水处理领域的研究热点。本文采用电凝聚法对直接黄R染料模拟废水进行处理,考察不同因素对直接染料模拟废水脱色的影响,确定了采用该方法处理直接黄R染料废水的最佳参数,并对反应机理进行简单分析,具有积极的现实意义。     

镁铝双氢氧化物用于染料废水脱色的研究

以氯化铝、氯化镁、氨水等为原料,合成了镁铝双氢氧化物正电溶胶(MADH).以水溶性染料模拟废水为研究对象,检验了MADH对染料废水的脱色效果,并对其脱色机理进行了探讨. 结果表明,MADH对活性染料、酸性染料和直接染料等阴离子型染料具有明显的脱色效果.在足量MADH存在的条件下,废水脱色率可达99%以上,最佳pH为6～9,最佳反应时间为10 min.温度升高不利于吸附过程的进行,其饱和吸附容量为327～2 113 mg/g.MADH用于实际印染工业废水处理,脱色率和CODCr去除率同样较高.脱色机理为MADH对染料的化学吸附作用.MADH对阳离子型染料的去除效果较差.      

模拟染料废水电凝聚脱色过程主导机理研究

通过采用不同阳极电凝聚方法对三种模拟染料废水开展处理,并对反应过程进行分析,对废水主要脱色机理进行了判断。结果表明,脱色过程主要是由于金属电解后产生的金属离子絮凝剂的絮凝和电解气浮作用,而不是直接或间接电氧化或还原过程。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.