推广型煤与改善呼和浩特市大气环境质量

本文分析了呼市大气环境质量现状及污染特征，对平房，楼房，采暖锅炉等各类源的燃煤量及污染物排放量进行了统计分析，对推广民用型煤及采暖锅炉型煤从经济投入和环境效益等方面进行了探讨。分析表明：全面推广民用型煤和采暖锅炉型煤可分别减少全市现状烟尘排放量的１５．９％和１４．４％．万元投产效益，采暖锅炉型煤方案将明显高于民用型煤推广方案。     

京津冀“以电代煤”替代大气污染物排放清单

本研究建立了基于人工神经网络的民用散煤燃用量估算模型,得到了京津冀地区“以电代煤”替代民用散煤大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：截止到2018年,京津冀地区“以电代煤”替代散煤用户约259万户,每年可减少散煤燃烧约706.6万t,减少PM_2.5、NO_x、SO₂的排放量分别约为2.81,0.76,2.17万t.其中,北京市和天津市实施效果较为明显,占京津冀地区“以电代煤”散煤替代总量的62.01%和22.82%.基于调研数据得到京津冀各市燃煤量月分布系数,1月份分布系数最大,燃煤量占比为27%~40%.     

民用低阶烟煤的半焦化洁净利用

为了降低民用劣质煤散烧造成的大气污染,采用低阶烟煤热解半焦为原料,再黏结制成半焦质民用洁净型煤。型煤性质检测结果显示:型煤收到基热值达到26.8 MJ/kg,干基全硫含量≤0.22%。半焦质民用洁净型煤在普通炉具和节能炉具测试结果显示,SO_2、NO_x和烟尘排放分别达到和接近重点地区的新建燃气锅炉排放标准。与普通烟煤在节能炉具中对比测试结果表明,烟尘浓度降低了88.14%,排放量减少86.21%;SO_2浓度降低了70.91%,排放量减少70.83%;NO_x浓度降低了83.08%,排放量减少86.08%。与其他无烟煤型煤在相同条件下的测试对比结果表明:半焦质民用洁净型煤的烟尘排放浓度与其他无烟煤相当,排放烟气成分中SO_2和NO_x的浓度远低于其他无烟煤型煤的排放浓度。     

宁夏城乡清洁型煤替代散煤的环境效益评估研究

宁夏大气污染以煤烟型污染为主。当前在宁夏城乡还存在大量生产生活用小型燃煤直排锅炉,污染物排放量大。通过对银川市城乡结合部乡镇小型锅炉燃烧清洁型煤与普通煤排放污染物的对比监测,分析清洁型煤与普通散煤污染物排放水平,估算小型锅炉使用清洁型煤后的年减排量,进而推算在宁夏全区实施小型锅炉清洁型煤替代后的环境效益。认为未来宁夏大气环境污染治理中,城乡民用小型锅炉是破解大气污染治理难题的重要抓手。应重点做好在城乡家用取暖锅炉中大力推广清洁型煤替代散煤,从源头上实现大气污染总量的削减。     

民用燃煤污染物排放因子的本地化与减排分析:以辽宁省为例

为探究辽宁省民用燃煤的污染物排放情况,本文选用常见的散煤与型煤为研究对象在农户家中进行燃烧试验,定量评估了不同煤型和不同炉具的排放因子,并比较了不同取暖方式的经济成本. 结果表明:①不同类型燃煤的污染物排放因子差异较大,与烟煤Ⅰ(劣质散煤)相比,洁净煤球的NO_x、CO、VOCs和PM排放因子分别降低了39.8%、44.2%、42.1%和57.9%;与烟煤Ⅱ(优质散煤)相比,洁净煤球的CO、VOCs排放因子分别降低了14.9%和27.8%. ②炉具类型对民用燃煤污染物排放因子的影响较大,与站炉相比,烟煤Ⅰ在环保炉中燃烧产生的SO₂、PM和CO排放因子分别降低了72.8%、35.1%和39.5%. ③2020年辽宁省民用燃煤的SO₂、NO_x、CO、VOCs和PM排放量分别为0.473×104、1.207×104、86.295×104、0.642×104和1.474×104 t,其中散煤的污染物排放量大于型煤. ④取暖方式的费用是居民考虑的重要因素,在政府补贴下型煤+环保炉具取暖方式费用为每年1 073.99元,较散煤+环保炉具取暖方式减少了35%. ⑤用经济成本较低的型煤+环保炉具取暖方式替代辽宁省现有的散煤取暖方式,VOCs、PM和CO约分别减排79.9%、85.3%和42.6%. 研究显示,在保证型煤品质的前提下,型煤+环保炉具取暖方式在排放量和经济成本上均优于散煤+传统炉具,政府可以在经济水平较差的农村地区推广使用.      

京津冀地区居民采暖"煤改电"的大气污染物减排潜力与健康效益评估

散煤燃烧等低矮面源的排放对京津冀等地区采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）贡献较大,是重污染天气形成的重要原因之一.针对京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”治理工程,以2025年为目标年,以不做任何散煤治理工作为基准情景,同时设计2种不同的控制情景（控制情景1、控制情景2）,评估不同控制情景下“煤改电”带来的健康效益.通过综合考量民用散煤占燃煤消费量的比例、散煤PM_2.5排放强度,结合京津冀地区各城市PM_2.5源解析结果,确定民用散煤对大气环境ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献系数,计算空气质量改善情况.在此基础上,综合流行病学相关研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估方法,预测不同控制情景中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益.结果表明:①京津冀地区在控制情景1中ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别下降4.9、4.9和1.1 μg/m3,在控制情景2中分别下降5.4、5.6和2.0 μg/m3;②在控制情景1、控制情景2中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益分别为266.55×108和352.34×108元,分别约占京津冀地区2015年GDP的0.38%和0.51%.研究显示,通过实施”煤改电”,京津冀地区可实现的健康效益相当可观,其中,北京市获得的健康效益最大,其次是河北省和天津市.      

京津冀地区散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单

为研究京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧大气污染物的排放情况，结合散煤燃烧活动水平与燃用特征，根据排放因子法自下而上建立了2018年京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧污染物排放清单，研究了污染物排放的时空分布特征并使用蒙特卡罗方法对排放清单进行了不确定性分析.结果表明：2018年京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧量共计3799.22万t，PM_2.5、CO、SO₂、NO_x的排放量分别为9.27，341.31，5.17，5.44万t.污染物排放集中在11月份~次年3月份，大多数地区呈现出相同的日排放趋势.8：00、11：00、18：00、21：00左右出现污染物排放峰值，小时排放系数平均值分别为11%，6%，7%，13%.PM_2.5排放高值区主要集中在北部、东部及部分南部地区，CO主要集中在北京和天津地区，SO₂和NO_x主要集中在天津和承德地区.     

固定污染源燃烧型煤与散煤排放SO2的对比监测及分析

根据《国务院关于酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区有关问题的批复》提出的控制目标，烟台市政府１９９７〔５８〕号文件规定要求，从１９９８年１０月１日起，禁止使用散煤，推广使用型煤。我们对固定污染源燃烧型煤与散煤所排放的ＳＯ２的差别，进行了对比监测及分析     

型煤产业发展与提高

本文论述发展工业型煤产业的重要意义和技术质量保证,洁净煤技术是控制污染和节约能源,提高煤炭资源利用率的重要技术项目,将粉煤生产成型煤,为工业、民用提供洁净的燃料,既充分利用煤炭资源同时改善能源结构,又有显著的环保效益,国家把煤炭产业列入中国洁净煤技术有限发展项目,目前制约型煤产业的发展要造气型和燃烧型煤并举,同时有利于用户的节能效益。     

型煤产业发展与提高

本文论述发展工业型煤产业的重要意义和技术质量保证,洁净煤技术是控制污染和节约能源,提高煤炭资源利用率的重要技术项目,将粉煤生产成型煤,为工业、民用提供洁净的燃料,既充分利用煤炭资源同时改善能源结构,又有显著的环保效益,国家把煤炭产业列入中国洁净煤技术有限发展项目,目前制约型煤产业的发展要造气型和燃烧型煤并举,同时有利于用户的节能效益。     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.