硫酸盐还原菌的分纯及对Cd2+钝化研究

该研究从土壤中分离纯化得到1株耐镉性较好的细菌,通过对其生长特性、菌液Cd~(2+)浓度变化及矿化产物特性分析,探究菌株对Cd~(2+)的钝化行为及去除效果。结果表明,实验菌株初步被确定为硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)。SRB的去除效果随Cd~(2+)浓度增大而降低。在其生长过程中液相pH不断升高,有利于诱导合成硫化镉。当Cd~(2+)初始浓度为10 mg/L时,菌株对Cd~(2+)的去除率达到95%。此时,SRB的适应性最强且钝化效果稳定。Cd~(2+)初始浓度为40 mg/L时,菌株对Cd~(2+)的去除率为75%。通过SEM-EDS和XRD表征确定其矿化产物为硫化镉。研究显示,SRB可以有效钝化游离态的重金属离子,有望为突发性、高浓度重金属污染地区的原位治理提供新的思路。     

碳酸盐矿化菌的筛选与其吸附和矿化Cd~(2+)的特性

从贵州省毕节市妈姑镇矿区重金属污染的土壤中筛选出5株碳酸盐矿化菌,探究其吸附和矿化Cd~(2+)的特性.从代谢热角度阐明Cd~(2+)与基质(尿素)胁迫下菌活性会降低.实验结果表明,2#菌株对Cd~(2+)耐受能力可达250mg/L.菌株吸附和矿化效率随Cd~(2+)浓度增大而降低.Cd~(2+)初始浓度为10mg/L时,菌龄为4h的菌株对Cd~(2+)矿化效果最佳(45.14%),且矿化效果稳定.该研究表明碳酸盐矿化菌通过诱导沉淀矿化去除Cd~(2+)的效果优于菌体吸附,为碳酸盐矿化菌修复重金属污染提供理论参考和实践指导.     

硝基还原假单胞菌吸附重金属镉的机理研究

系统研究了硝基还原假单胞菌对重金属镉的吸附特性与吸附机理.研究结果表明,此株菌可以耐受200mg/L重金属镉,而进一步提高镉离子的浓度则会显著抑制该菌的生长.将该菌株接种至含20、50和100mg/L Cd~(2+)的液体LB培养基中,经过120h的培养,镉的去除率分别能达到94.3%,91.0%和86.0%.系统研究了pH值、温度、盐浓度和多种重金属离子存在下,该菌株对溶液中镉离子去除效果的影响.结果表明,硝基还原假单胞菌可以在pH值为4~8范围内有效吸附镉离子,当NaCl溶液提升至1mol/L时,该菌株仍可耐受,并且可以吸附除了铅离子之外的多种重金属离子.X射线光电子能谱分析结果显示,吸附后Cd~(2+)的结合能发生了变化.扫描电镜结果显示,与正常菌株相比,吸附镉的菌株产生明显形变,且表面有白色颗粒状物质吸附,结合X射线光电子能谱分析结果,可以说明生物矿化是该菌株吸附和钝化重金属的途径之一.     

一株耐镉链霉菌的筛选、鉴定与基本特性分析

微生物在重金属污染治理中具有重要作用.采用微生物纯培养技术从镉污染土壤中分离获得一株在液体培养基和固体培养基中能够分别耐受45 mmol·L~(-1)和50 mmol·L~(-1)Cd~(2+)的细菌,通过形态学、生理生化及分子鉴定,初步鉴定该菌株属于链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.),命名为Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01.进一步实验结果表明,耐镉链霉菌Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01的优化培养条件为:马铃薯蔗糖培养基,在250m L的三角瓶中装液量为90 m L,培养温度30℃,初始pH=6.0,接种量6.0%,NaCl质量分数0%;湿菌体吸附Cd~(2+)的优化条件为:温度30℃,pH=8.0,NaCl质量分数1.0%,Cd~(2+)浓度500 mg·L~(-1),吸附率为44.78%;干菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的优化条件为:温度30℃,pH=9.0,NaCl质量分数0%,Cd~(2+)浓度100 mg·L~(-1),吸附率达到70.45%.说明链霉菌Streptomyces sp.strain Cd TB01在重金属污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

海洋耐镉微生物筛选及其生物学特性

从重金属污染的近海域筛选到一株对镉具有较强抗性和富集能力的微生物Cd20002,该菌株在液体培养基中的最大耐受浓度为1 000 mg/L,在镉浓度达到200 mg/L时,其吸附率高达93.4%,根据形态特征和生理生化鉴定及16S rRNA测序鉴定为蓝杆菌。通过在不同的镉浓度环境对蓝杆菌Cd20002进行培养,测定其生长曲线,并优化菌体生长的条件及其吸附能力。结果表明,蓝杆菌Cd20002既能在重金属镉环境中生存,且富镉能力较强,对水产环境中重金属的生物清排具有重要意义。     

腐植酸对重金属铅镉的吸附特征

为了揭示腐植酸对单一Pb、单一Cd和Pb、Cd复合污染物的吸附特征,笔者通过吸附模拟实验分析了pH、温度、反应时间和初始浓度等因素变化对风化煤腐植酸吸附重金属离子Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的影响.结果表明,腐植酸对Pb~(2+)的吸附受pH值变化的影响很小,但对Cd~(2+)的吸附随着pH增加而增加;腐植酸对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附饱和的时间均为240 min;对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的增加而增加;Langmuir吸附模型对腐植酸吸附单一Pb~(2+)、单一Cd~(2+)和铅镉复合态中Pb~(2+)的拟合较好,Freundlich吸附模型则对腐植酸吸附铅镉复合态中Cd~(2+)的拟合较好;准二级动力学模型能较好地拟合腐植酸吸附Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的过程,说明腐植酸对铅镉的吸附为物理吸附和化学吸附的复合吸附过程;铅镉复合态下Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)存在竞争吸附,单一Pb~(2+)溶液中加入Cd~(2+)对腐植酸吸附Pb~(2+)基本无影响,但单一Cd~(2+)溶液中加入Pb~(2+)时,Pb~(2+)会与Cd~(2+)产生竞争吸附,从而降低Cd~(2+)的吸附量.本研究结果可为利用腐植酸稳定土壤中Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)等重金属离子的技术开发提供参考.     

一株嗜酸异养菌的分离鉴定及其重金属耐受性研究

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离纯化得到一株嗜酸异养菌JJU-2。经形态观察、生理生化特征和26S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为胶红酵母菌(Rhodotorulamucilaginosa)。通过单因素实验获得JJU-2菌株最适生长pH为5,但可以耐受pH为1的极酸性环境最适生长温度为25℃最高耐受温度为40℃;当培养至4 h,JJU-2菌株进入对数生长期培养至16 h进入平稳期。对JJU-2菌株进行重金属耐受性研究,发现该菌株对Cd~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)和Pb~(2+)离子的最大耐受浓度分别为1.5、10、5、2、20 mmol/L。JJU-2菌株与氧化硫硫杆菌JJU-1联合作用去除污泥中的重金属(Cu、Ni、Cd和Cr)效率分别为84%、96%、100%和71%。JJU-2菌株在生物淋滤去除污泥重金属的应用中具有很好的前景,也为研究极端环境中微生物的重金属耐受机制提供了材料。     

大肠杆菌IscA膜表面表达菌株在吸附水体重金属中的应用

为构建一种能够高效、同时吸附水中多种重金属离子的大肠杆菌,利用融合蛋白表达技术,首先将大肠杆菌前脂蛋白信号肽Lpp、膜蛋白OmpA的N端部分氨基酸和铁硫簇组装蛋白IscA的编码基因序列进行融合,构建pET-Lpp-OmpA-IscA表达载体,将此载体导入大肠杆菌BL21菌株.在IPTG诱导下,IscA蛋白可表达于细胞膜表面.然后对IscA膜表面表达菌株对重金属的吸附能力进行评估,包括测定最大吸附容量、绘制吸附浓度依赖曲线和时间依赖曲线,以及对菌株清除工业污水中重金属的性能进行初步探索.研究结果表明,与本底对照菌株相比,IscA蛋白在细胞膜表面表达能够使菌株对水中的Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、As~(3+)、Co~(2+)、Hg~(2+)这7种重金属的吸附能力提高2～5倍不等,并且在pH为6～8范围内保持其吸附能力基本不变.此菌株能够在30 min内将各种重金属溶液中超标5倍的金属含量降低至最大允许排放浓度以下,并且对吸附的重金属具有不同程度的回收能力和菌株再生能力.此外,该菌株能够同时吸附工业污水中的多种重金属,有效降低各种重金属含量.因此,利用膜表面表达技术对大肠杆菌进行改造,成功提高了大肠杆菌对多种重金属的吸附能力,为利用微生物治理环境重金属污染提供了良好的应用前景.     

生物硫铁对镉污染水稻发芽的保护研究

水稻田中广泛存在的镉污染对全球水稻产量与人类健康造成了很大的威胁,现存除镉方法因其自身局限性而难以推广。该实验以水培试验模拟水稻生长,利用1株硫酸盐还原菌制备生物硫铁复合材料(生物硫铁)处理水培环境中Cd~(2+)污染,探究生物硫铁对Cd~(2+)的减毒作用,考察了Cd~(2+)浓度与生物硫铁添加量对水稻萌发的影响。结果表明,Cd~(2+)浓度越高,水稻发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、鲜重等参数总体表现越差,在Cd~(2+)浓度为20 mg/L时影响初步明显。生物硫铁添加量越高,水稻萌发状况越佳,水稻芽、根及底液中Cd~(2+)浓度越低,且摩尔比2为其最佳添加量。在Cd~(2+)浓度为40 mg/L、生物硫铁添加摩尔比为5.0时,表现出对水稻萌发的促进作用,表明生物硫铁在处理水稻田中镉污染有很好的应用前景。     

刺槐根际变形杆菌的分离和去除重金属的性能

变形杆菌在重金属污染等毒害环境中有着超强的代谢能力和环境适应性,不仅是许多污染环境的优势菌群,还能耐受和利用重金属及其他环境毒素作为自身能量和营养来源。它可以通过生物转化改变重金属离子状态,减轻重金属对环境的毒害,同时帮助植物增强重金属抗性,提升对重金属的吸附能力,但对于其作为环境土著菌在重金属土壤污染修复中的研究甚少。该研究通过对重金属复合污染的尾矿库中木本植物的重金属含量和富集水平测定,筛选出了镉超富集刺槐,并通过生理生化特征及重金属去除等实验于刺槐根际筛选出一株耐镉、锌、铅的变形杆菌(Proteus sp.)Ch-8,其对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别达到了2800、1500和900 mg/L。实验结果还表明,在多离子共存的环境下,该菌对Cd、Pb、Zn的去除能力尤为突出:重金属离子初始浓度为200～400 mg/L,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除率仍能达到64.5%、90%和74.1%,为开发变形杆菌作为重金属污染生物修复新材料,进一步探究其与超富集植物的协同作用提供了数据参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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