内蒙古生态环境敏感性综合评价

针对内蒙古土地沙化、土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化和生物多样性减少等区域自然环境演变过程中出现的生态问题,采用遥感和地理信息系统技术,构建敏感性评价指标体系与评价模型,对内蒙古生态环境敏感性进行综合研究,定量揭示研究区生态环境敏感性程度和空间分布特征.结果表明:土地沙化不敏感区、极敏感区分别占研究区面积35.9%和10.1%;土地沙化敏感性等级高的区域集中分布在内蒙古辖区内主要沙漠边缘和沙地;土壤基质多为沙粒、冬春季节多大风且植被覆盖度较低是土地容易发生沙化的主要原因.土壤侵蚀轻度、中度和高度敏感区分别占研究区面积的43.9%、30.2%和19.2%;受降水空间差异影响,土壤侵蚀敏感性等级自东南向西北呈逐步下降趋势.土壤盐渍化不敏感区、极敏感区分别占研究区面积的57.6%和14.6%,盐渍化明显地区主要分布在内蒙古西北部和东部;蒸发量远大于降水量,人类活动影响较明显,是土壤盐渍化高发的主要原因.生境不敏感、高度和极敏感区分别占研究区面积的30.5%、25.1%和10.6%,敏感性等级高的区域主要分布在大小兴安岭地区;这些区域水热条件相对较好,植被覆盖度高,物种数量较为丰富,是生物多样性重点保护区域.综合生态环境高度和极敏感区分别占研究区面积的27.9%和9.6%;敏感性等级高的区域位于内蒙古中北部,等级较低的区域位于内蒙古西北、东北和东南部.     

中国生态环境敏感区评价

采用遥感和GIS技术,针对区域自然环境演变过程中出现的土地沙化、土壤侵蚀和石漠化等典型生态环境问题,建立敏感性评价指标体系及评价模型,开展生态环境敏感性综合评价,定量揭示中国生态环境敏感性程度及地域空间差异,划定生态环境敏感区的红线控制区域。研究结果表明：① 土地沙化以轻度敏感为主,敏感性程度高的区域主要位于西北和北方地区的主要沙漠边缘和沙地;土壤基质多为沙粒、冬春季节多大风且植被覆盖率较低是土地容易发生沙化的主要原因。② 土壤侵蚀以轻度敏感和不敏感为主,受降雨强度和地质条件空间差异影响,敏感性等级高的区域集中分布在西南、东南湿润地区和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区。③ 石漠化以不敏感为主,受岩溶地质条件影响,石漠化易发生区域集中分布在西南喀斯特地区。④ 综合生态环境敏感性以轻度敏感、不敏感和中度敏感为主,综合敏感性程度高的区域主要分布在北方干旱半干旱地区、西南湿润地区、东南湿润地区以及黄土高原丘陵沟壑区。⑤ 基于生态环境敏感性综合评价结果,将极敏感区划为生态红线区,在全国尺度上初步划定3大类和23个重点生态红线区域,约占国土面积的12.86%。     

基于GIS的黑河流域生态环境敏感性评价与分区

针对黑河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,利用调查资料和相关研究成果,在GIS支持下,对流域生态环境敏感性进行综合评价,明确了生态环境敏感性分布规律及其地域差异,在此基础上,对生态环境功能区进行划分,并对各区存在的主要生态问题提出整治对策,为流域生态环境建设和保护规划方案的制定提供依据。研究结果表明:①黑河流域的生态环境敏感性区域分布比较广泛,其中土壤侵蚀高度敏感区占2.05%,主要集中在祁连山区;②沙漠化极敏感区面积占37.06%,主要集中在流域下游额济纳旗和金塔县;③土壤盐渍化敏感区主要集中在流域中部绿洲,对于这些敏感区域的保护,应该作为生态环境保护和建设的核心。依据评价结果,流域划分为7个生态功能区。     

东北林草交错区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价及关键因子识别

土壤侵蚀是造成东北林草交错区生态脆弱的重要原因。论文应用GIS技术,综合降水、地形、土壤可蚀性、植被覆盖等因子,分析和评价了1990—2005年研究区土壤侵蚀敏感性时空变化过程,并通过叠加排序方法定量识别关键因子。结果表明:研究区以中度敏感为主,其次是轻度和高度敏感;中度敏感地区以大兴安岭山地为主,轻度敏感地区分布在东、西部平原地区,高度敏感地区主要分布在燕山山地和大兴安岭南部山地的林草交错区;从时间变化过程看,轻度、中度敏感地区面积增加,高度敏感地区面积减少,生态环境状况总体好转;地形起伏度和植被覆盖作为研究区土壤侵蚀关键因子,起主导作用。     

基于生态敏感性评价的山水型旅游度假区保护性开发建设与调控对策——以南京市国家级老山森林公园东区为例

旅游度假资源保护性开发建设是国家生态文明建设的基本要求。以南京市国家级老山森林公园东区为研究对象,提供旅游度假区生态绿色发展的方向与对策。基于GIS空间分析,构建由地形地貌、土地利用、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统、生物多样性等5个要素组成的生态敏感评价指标体系,以30 m×30 m网格评价单元,开展单项因子和综合的生态敏感性评价。结果表明：研究区域生态敏感性整体上较高;单因子生态敏感评价中,土地利用结构和开发强度以及森林生态系统的林木斑块面积与数量对生态敏感程度的影响较为明显。综合生态敏感性评价中,极敏感区和高度敏感区共占研究区域面积的44.79%,中度敏感区约占17.20%,轻度敏感区和不敏感区各占17.16%和20.85%;极敏感区、高度敏感区分布在老山国家级森林公园的生态保育区和核心景观区域、老山南北山坡和山顶及佛手湖等水源涵养区域。构建开发与保护协调的空间格局,提出禁止、限制、管控和支撑5项对策建议。     

城市生态环境敏感性评价——以瓦房店市为例

在生态环境现状调查与分析的基础上,通过土壤侵蚀敏感性评价法和生物多样性敏感性评价法对瓦房店市的生态环境进行敏感性评价。结果表明:瓦房店市东部坡度较高,南部大部分地区植被覆盖度相对较低,发生水土流失潜在危险较大;土壤侵蚀轻度、中度和高度敏感区分别占21.93%、14.53%和2.01%;以不敏感和微度敏感为主,二者共占到总面积的58.53%;植物覆盖主要以中、高度敏感区为主,植被覆盖不敏感区主要是水域地段,微度敏感区为林地和农区植被生长状况较好的地段。中度敏感区主要为疏林地、草地等的分布区,高度敏感区植被覆盖状况较差,主要为植被覆盖较低的荒草地及未利用地。     

三峡库区土壤保持重要区生态敏感性空间特征

借助遥感数据和GIS空间分析,选取生境、酸雨、土壤侵蚀和石漠化4种生态环境敏感要素建立空间评估模型,综合分析了受"自然-人工"二元干扰严重的三峡库区土壤保持重要区(重庆段)生态环境敏感性程度及其空间分异特征。结果表明:(1)研究区生境敏感性主要以不敏感和高度敏感为主,高度以上敏感性区域主要分布在巫溪北部大巴山、奉节南部七曜山、石柱方斗山、江津南部西面山和都市区"四山"。(2)酸雨敏感性总体较高,高度敏感性面积和占比分别达到了18 609.85 km~2和40.30%,空间上以武隆-丰都-忠县-开州为界,西部主要以高度敏感性分布为主,东部主要以中度敏感性分布为主,轻度敏感性和不敏感性则主要在江河沿岸呈带状分布。(3)土壤侵蚀敏感性不容乐观,极度敏感性、高度敏感性和中度敏感性面积占比之和超过了80%,尤其是东北部开州、云阳、奉节、万州、巫溪、巫山等区域,土壤侵蚀敏感性均较高。(4)石漠化以不敏感性为主,面积达27 808.57 km~2,占总面积的60.22%,东北部巫溪、开州、巫山和奉节境内局部地区有少量极敏感性分布。(5)研究区生态环境敏感性总体程度较高,中度以上敏感性比例超过了70%,高度以上敏感性比例接近50%,空间上东北部地区和东南部地区生态环境敏感性明显高于其他地区,尤其是巫溪北部大巴山,开州北部雪宝山,奉节南部、石柱南部七曜山,丰都东南部和武隆南部,生态环境敏感性均较高。     

流域磷素面源污染产生与输移空间分异特征

甶于面源污染物从坡面产生后至向流域出口输出过程会发生一系列变化,如在河道迁移过程发生的沉降衰减,基于污染物产生与输出空间分布识别关键区会存在一定的差异.因此,本研究选取面源污染较为严重的高原湖泊洱海典型小流域,以子流域为空间分析单元,采用经实测数据验证后的定量模拟工具-SWAT模型和数学统计方法,分析流域面源磷产生与输出的空间分布及差异,评估河道迁移过程对两者空间分布差异的影响.结果表明:流域面源流失磷产生强度存在明显的空间分异特征,不同子流域流失磷的产生强度在1.52~1.82kg/hm~2之间变化,高强度区主要集中在有坡耕地分布的水文敏感区和植被覆盖度差的土壤侵蚀敏感区;不同子流域流失的磷经河道迁移后发生了-25.6%~21.6%的变化,导致流失磷的输出与产生空间分布出现差异,较高产生强度区,磷流失高输出强度区缩小为土壤侵蚀敏感区;不同子流域流失磷经河道迁移后发生的不同变化受流失磷产生强度与径流迁移时间的综合影响.     

连云港徐圩新区盐渍土盐分时空分布特征及其主要影响因素分析

调查分析土壤盐分的时空分布规律和变异特征,对于揭示土壤盐渍化成因、制定盐渍土改良方案、提升土地质量具有重要意义。以江苏沿海典型盐渍土分布区——连云港市徐圩新区作为研究区,应用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,开展了研究区土壤盐分的空间分布特征研究,并基于长序列土壤水分和盐分的原位监测数据,分析了研究区土壤水盐的动态运移规律,在此基础上综合分析了影响研究区土壤盐分时空分布的主要环境因素。结果表明:随着土壤盐分含量的变化,区内土壤盐分中离子组成呈现出规律性变化特征,NaCl是土壤盐分的主要存在形式;研究区各层位土壤盐分均表现出中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间分布受随机因素和结构性因素的共同影响;研究区土壤盐分总体呈现出"东高西低"的水平向分布格局,在垂向分布上土壤盐分剖面特征表现出底聚型和表聚型两种主要类型;研究区表层土壤盐分呈现出明显的季节性变化特征,土壤脱盐-积盐过程交替发生;海岸线变迁、地下水埋深与TDS值、土地利用方式的差异是影响研究区土壤盐分空间分布的主要环境因素,气象因素是影响研究区表层土壤盐分年内动态变化的直接环境因素。     

贵州省碳酸盐岩地区土壤允许流失量的空间分布

根据决定上覆土层厚度的碳酸盐岩建造中的泥质含量,贵州碳酸盐岩地区的岩石组合类型可分为连续性碳酸盐岩组合、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩组合、碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层组合,按贵州碳酸盐岩的风化溶蚀速率平均值49.67 mm/ka计算了碳酸盐岩不同岩石组合类型的成土速率,并以此作为相应岩石类型地区的土壤允许流失量。连续性碳酸盐岩组合地区土壤允许流失量小于6.84 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀极度敏感区;碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩组合地区土壤允许流失量小于45.53 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀重度敏感区;碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层组合地区土壤允许流失量小于103.46 t/(km2.a),为土壤侵蚀中度敏感区。说明贵州碳酸盐岩地区的土壤侵蚀分级标准存在空间分异。强度石漠化主要分布在土壤允许流失量小于6.84 t/(km2.a)的连续性碳酸盐岩地区,尤其是连续性石灰岩地区分布最广。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.