平原河网地区土地利用生态适宜性评价——以上海市张江功能区域为例

以上海市张江功能区域为研究对象,借助于ArcGIS和Fragstats的统计分析功能,研究2000～2006年区域土地利用和景观格局动态变化特征,表现为区域工业用地增长过快,水域等自然下垫面明显减少,绿色廊道建设不足,区域景观格局空间分布有待优化。运用生态适宜性评价方法,划分了生态适宜性评价等级及标准,从自然生态和人文生态两个维度,构建了以工业用地,居住用地和河流廊道为主体的土地利用生态适宜性评价指标体系。评价结果表明:生态适宜性综合评价值为0.82,三种用地类型得分处于0.79～0.84之间,均为中度适宜等级;工业和居住用地自然生态建设不足,生物资源保护、环境质量和绿地建设是主要自然限制因子;河流廊道生态效应未能充分发挥,河岸建筑密度、河岸带舒适性、河流廊道连续性和植被结构完整性是主要限制因子。     

上海市苏州河景观公众偏好研究

通过构建城市河流景观评价指标体系和评分标准,从水系结构、河道管理等级和行政区域3个方面分析了苏州河景观现状情况,且运用照片调查问卷法调查了苏州河景观的公众偏好,并分析了不同类型受访者对苏州河景观偏好的异质性。结果表明:苏州河景观整体现况较差,大部分河段处于"一般"至"差"等级,且部分河段两岸景观差异明显;苏州河不同类型河段的河流景观现况与优劣势指标有所不同;受访者对河流景观概念和保护认知情况较好,对河流景观满意度较差;环境协调性,人文景观,卫生维护,活动设施,土地利用类型依次从大到小正向影响苏州河公众景观偏好,而河流形态,建筑密度和亲水空间,为负向影响;仅性别与教育程度对苏州河公众景观偏好呈显著负影响;提出了苏州河景观总体和区段对策建议。     

基于层次分析法评价清水廊道陆向缓冲带工程适宜性

清水廊道陆向缓冲带是截留陆域污染入河前的最重要生态屏障,评价其工程适宜性,不仅要体现出陆向缓冲带对外源污染物拦截效果以及所选缓冲带技术本身的特点,还要体现出污染物拦截技术对于清水廊道周边环境、社会和经济等方面综合影响。基于层次分析法,选取了18个评价指标,构建清水廊道陆向缓冲带工程适宜性评价体系,并对光明大堰河清水廊道陆向缓冲带污染拦截工程进行适宜性评价。结果表明:在所评价的8个河段中,非常适宜的河段占62.5%,适宜的河段占37.5%,河段总体处于污染拦截效果较好状态。基于层次分析法的清水廊道陆向缓冲带污染拦截工程评价方法可将河岸带的功能管理、植被及生态重建、土地利用、滨水区规划和设计融入工程评价中,为清水廊道工程的实施提供理论支撑和数据支持。     

岷江上游河流健康状况的表征及评价

河流健康状况评价是河流管理和河流生态系统监控的基础。本文针对水电开发程度较高的岷江上游开展河流健康状态标识及评价研究。尝试从河流结构、生态环境功能、社会服务功能3个方面袁征河流的健康状况,其中引入鱼类生物完整因子,结合岷江上游水生生态特点及国外研究现状拟定了12个指标对该因子进行表述;并采用多目标模糊评价模型,在确定岷江上游指标权重与指标标准特征值前提下,开展健康评价。评价结果表明：岷江上游由于电站的建设导致枯水期减水河段的河流动力大幅度下降;蜿蜒度以及水质状况良好;减水河段长度比及纵向连通性较差,岷江上游鱼类生物完整性属差的状态,社会环境功能指标一般。河流的综合健康状况处于较差状态,需采取一定措施对其进行生态修复以期恢复到相对健康的状态。     

基于AHP法的大盘山国家级自然保护区生态质量评价研究

大盘山保护区是目前中国唯一以野生药用植物种质资源及其生境为核心保护对象的国家级自然保护区.根据保护区类型和自然保护区生态评价指标体系,以生物多样性保护、景观生态改善、科研教育价值、生态旅游价值作为准则层,选择多样性、稀有性、脆弱性、自然性、典型性、面积适宜性、人类干扰作为评价层指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)进行保护区自然生态评价.评价结果:综合评价指数达0.778 4,说明大盘山保护区目前整体生态质量较好,保护价值较高,属于优先保护区域.     

基于改进斜坡单元法的山区城镇建设用地适宜性评价

城镇建设用地适宜性评价是城镇发展规划中十分重要的基础性工作,不仅可为城镇土地利用分类与合理开发提供科学依据,也可为后续城市各项专题规划奠定基础。以重庆市云阳县双江镇为例,在充分收集资料和现场调查工作的基础上,首先通过筛选研究区城镇建设用地适宜性评价指标,选取地层岩性、坡度等10个基础指标因子构建了评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定指标权重;然后提出基于改进的斜坡单元法——盆域山体阴影法的评价单元划分方法,并与传统栅格单元法的评价单元划分方法进行了对比;最后采用多因子叠加模型开展了研究区建设用地适宜性评价研究。结果表明:采用改进的斜坡单元法得出的研究区适宜性评价结果更加符合双江镇实际建设用地中土地利用的现状,评价结果的实用性和精度明显优于传统的栅格单元法,可为类似地区城镇土地利用规划提供科学依据。     

基于DPSR模型的区域河流健康综合评价指标体系研究

深入的河流健康状态评价技术研究,有助于管理者了解河流现状,尤其是健康状况,进而合理地开发利用河流,实现河流生态、经济、文化的可持续发展.研究基于DPSR(驱动力D-压力P-状态S-响应R)模型,构建了河流健康评价理论框架,遵循科学性、系统性、稳定性、可比性原则,从驱动力、压力、状态、响应4个维度构建区域河流健康综合评价指标体系.研究可为水生态环境健康管理提供决策依据,对于区域河流恢复、生态环境建设、转变经济增长方式及社会的可持续发展有着重要的理论和现实意义.     

河流生态修复效果评价指标体系研究

本文在归纳分析国内外河流生态修复效果评价研究现状的基础上,总结了河流生态修复效果评价各类方法的优缺点,指出生态修复效果评价指标体系的构建原则和结构层次;通过对生态修复效果评价指标体系的构建依据和方法进行分析,运用频度分析法、理论分析法并结合工程实践,依据与河流生态修复成果紧密相关的河流健康评价指标体系、河流生态修复效果评价指标体系及国内外河流生态修复技术措施进行指标筛选,构建河流生态修复效果评价指标体系,从新的视角提出了包含河流自然功能、生态环境功能和社会经济功能三个方面27项分指标的河流生态修复效果多目标综合评价指标体系;同时展望河流生态修复效果评价今后主要的研究方向,为后续河流生态修复研究工作提供有效的参考依据。     

宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜性综合评价

根据宜宾市规划中心城区的地质环境特征,建立了由地形地貌、水文、工程地质、水文地质、不良地质作用和地质灾害、活动断裂和地震效应6个评价要素和19个评价因子构成的多层次工程建设地质环境适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了评价指标的权重,并采用基于评价单元的多因子分级加权指数法评价模型,利用GIS空间分析技术对宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜性进行了综合评价,对工程建设地质环境适宜性与建设规划的协调性进行了分析。结果表明:宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜区占研究区总面积的25.78%,较适宜区占29.01%,适宜性差区占18.03%,不适宜区占23.04%,适宜和较适宜的地区可满足近期城市规划用地需求;规划中心城区用地规划整体比较合理,现有和规划建设用地的工程建设地质环境适宜性主要为适宜和较适宜。该评价结果可为宜宾市城市规划、工程建设选址、重大基础设施建设规划及土地利用优化布局提供科学依据,同时对完善工程建设地质环境适宜性评价体系具有一定的理论意义。     

生态适宜性评价研究及在海洋环境中应用的思考

生态适宜性评价是一种量化土地、海域用途适宜度的工具,在减缓用地、用海冲突,科学规划空间布局方面发挥着积极作用。经过近半个世纪的发展,生态适宜性评价指标体系已经从单一自然体系发展到自然-社会-经济-生态复合体系,评价内容从单目标的分散评价扩充至多属性、多目标的综合评价,应用领域从陆地拓展至海洋。本文在总结生态适宜性评价研究进展的基础上,结合海洋生态系统整体性和流动性的特点,针对海洋生态适宜性评价的目标,用海活动的兼容性和冲突性,以及海洋生态适宜性评价中的水平生态过程等问题提出了几点思考,以期为完善海洋生态适宜性评价理论体系提供借鉴。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.