排污许可证制度在靖江市环境管理中的探索与思考

通过介绍排污许可证制度在靖江市环境管理中的实施情况,分析了目前我国排污许可证制度施行中存在的问题,并就进一步完善排污许可证制度的推行提出了解决问题的对策与建议。     

排污许可证制度在环境管理中发挥重要作用

围绕我国近年来排放大气污染物许可证制度试点工作的实践经验,阐述了排污许可证制度在环境管理中的重要作用,提出了2000年前,在我国大气环境管理中推行排污许可证制度的设想,进而说明试点上作的实践,为将排污许可证制度纳入新修订的《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》中,提供了宝贵的经验。      

排污许可证一证式管理制度探讨

在国际范围内,排污许可证制度已经成为一项基本的环境管理制度,尤其在一些发达国家已有诸多良好的实践。虽然,我国从20世纪80年代就已经开始探索排污许可证制度,但是由于法律建设不足、后续工作不到位等多方面原因,使得排污许可证管理制度依然无法与环境管理相融合。为了更好地开展污染源管理,本文提出一证式管理制度,通过分析排污许可证制度当前的执行现状、一证式管理的益处、美国《清洁空气法案》相关许可证的比较以及排污许可证一证式管理内涵四个方面进行探讨,希望能够为优化我国环境管理提供良好借鉴。     

实施排污许可证制度的若干体会

1985年下半年起,上海市在黄浦江上游地区试行排污许可证制度。几年来的实践和所取得的成绩,使我们深感这项制度的实施,开拓了实行环境目标管理的新途径,是环境管理由定性转向定量管理的新发展。有关实施排污许可证制度的条件及步骤等,我们已有专文在《上海环境科学》杂志上发表。下面,笔者主要就实际工作所得,向读者介绍在实施排污许可证制度过程中的若干体会。由总体而言,实现环境、社会、经济效益的统一,是实行排污许可证制度的根本目的。如何协调环境保护与经济发展的矛盾,是当前环境保护工作者所面临的重要任务之一。     

全面推行排污许可证制度,不断提高环境管理水平

污染物总量控制的推广为排污许可证制度的全面实施奠定了良好基础,推行排污许可证制度已是新形势下环境管理的需要.应当根据管理需要和能力确定发证范围及控制因子,与有关部门密切合作,加强证后管理,强化与其他相关环境管理制度的衔接,积极稳妥地推行排污许可证制度.     

推行排污许可证制度强化环境监督管理

本文归纳了排污许可证制度的基本特点、论述了排污许可证在环境污染防治中的作用，结合国家制定的总体思路，提出了推行排污许可证制度，强化环境监督管理的措施。     

排污许可再细化:监管将深入到每个排放口

正排污许可制是排污管理最基本和最核心的制度,有利于形成系统完整、权责清晰、监管有效的污染源管理新格局,深度契合了当前以改善环境质量为核心的环境管理要求。"十三五"时期是中国治污减排、改革环境监管体制的重要时期,国家出台《排污许可证管理暂行规定》等政策文件,全力推动排污许可证制度改革。改革后的排污许可证将是每个排污单位必须持有的"身份     

基于环境管理的排污许可证内容设计

分析企业环境管理及固定污染源环境行政管理现存的问题,从环境管理角度出发,重新审视排污许可制度内涵,明确了排污许可证内容设计总体思路、原则,重构了排污许可证框架,完善了证照内容设计,为实现排污许可证作为政府环境监管的执法依据、企业环境行为的守法文书、公众环保监督的参与平台提供技术指导。     

关于排污许可制度改革实施的几个关键问题探讨

排污许可制度是发达国家普遍实行并证明行之有效的环境管理制度,也是环境质量改善的基础核心制度。文章针对各地原有排污许可证制度与新制度衔接、基于环境质量和最佳技术的许可限值核定、排污许可证管理范围和内容、与其他相关制度共生共存、排污许可证监管力度、企业环境管理水平和人员素质等问题,分析了排污许可证改革实施可能面临的若干挑战,并针对这些问题和挑战,提出了相应的措施建议。     

各地信息

常州市完成排污许可证管理研究继水污染物排放许可证工作试点城市通过国家环保局验收后,常州市环保局又完成了全市实施排污许可证管理的研究。该项研究,是在“六五”科研成果常州运河纳污量及水环境综合整治规划研究成果的基础上,结合排污许可证实施试点的管理实践,就排污许可证管理工作众所关心的主要问题,如现阶段排污许可证制度运行机制,许可证管理的特点、方法、程序,许可证管理的配套制度、措施及其与其他管理制度的协同等,作了研究。通过对排污许可证制度在企业管理中的作用进行较系统的科学分析,提出了相应的对策和措沲。研究者立足于提高许     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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