设计配置对生物滞留设施污染物去除性能的影响研究

生物滞留是一种常用的低影响开发技术,通过不同机理去除径流中的各种污染物。设施面积、消能池设置、表面覆盖物的合理设计可降低外界的不利影响;内部斜坡与多元结构可优化设施性能,介质层的改良填料和较长深度可提高污染物的去除效率;配置适宜植物可提高环境耐受能力与污染物去除效果,引入多样植物可提高设施生物多样性,有利于发挥动植物相互作用,提高设施的稳定性与整体性能。     

生物滞留系统去除雨水病原微生物的研究进展

雨水虽是一种可持续的非常规水源,但径流过程中携带的病原微生物对公共卫生及人类健康存在潜在风险。生物滞留系统是海绵城市建设中径流污染控制的常用源头措施,其不仅可去除常规性污染物,还可在一定程度上控制病原微生物,在雨水处理回用方面具有良好的应用前景。文章结合回用水质标准重点分析了生物滞留系统对病原微生物的削减效果,综述了强化型生物滞留系统对病原微生物的去除研究进展。传统生物滞留系统虽可有效去除病原微生物,但难以满足雨水回用要求,而选用抗菌性植物,增设抗菌填料或添加生物炭介质可显著提高系统对病原微生物的去除率。作者提出,今后的研究将重点关注雨水径流中病原微生物在生物滞留系统中的去除机理与过程模型,进而探寻系统的最佳运行条件与工艺设计参数,以提高系统对病原微生物的去除效果与稳定性。     

生物滞留设施对雨水径流氮磷污染物净化机理和运行优化方式研究进展

生物滞留设施是城市雨水管理和海绵城市建设的典型技术措施之一,其对城市雨水径流中氮、磷污染物的净化机理和控制效果受到研究人员广泛关注。通过系统梳理生物滞留设施对不同形态氮、磷的净化机理研究进展,分析了传统生物滞留设施对雨水径流中氮、磷污染物的控制效果;进而从设施填料组合与配比、淹没出流区设置、碳源添加和填料填装方式4个方面,系统分析了生物滞留设施对雨水径流中氮、磷污染物净化效果的提升方式和效果。基于目前研究的不足和海绵城市建设中实际工程技术需求,从生物滞留设施对雨水径流氮、磷污染物控制方面展望了未来重点研究方向。     

基于模型评估的生物滞留带效能及参数评价

基于低影响开发(LID)理念,选取南宁市某生物滞留设施,采用水文模型法评价了该生物滞留设施对径流的消纳效果及影响因素,并分析了相关参数的敏感程度,以及单因素、多因素条件下参数变化与径流控制率的关系。结果表明:水文模型可以较为客观地评价海绵设施径流消纳效果,生物滞留设施对于较小降雨量具有较好的控制效果,但随着降雨强度增加,径流的控制效果下降迅速。同时明确了不同参数条件对该海绵设施效果的影响,模型法在海绵设施建设评价和设计中具有重要作用。     

典型生物滞留池细菌群落结构及多样性特征

为了解生物滞留池的细菌群落多样性特征,选取珠海市3个典型生物滞留池为样点,采集19个土壤样本,基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分析了生物滞留池的细菌群落结构及多样性,探讨了细菌群落与土壤因子的关系及生态功能。结果表明：珠海市生物滞留池的优势菌门(相对丰度>5%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),还含有大量厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、糖化细菌门(Saccharibacteria)、蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)等细菌群落。生物滞留池细菌群落的多样性和丰富度较高,细菌群落结构受生物滞留池中植被类型的影响显著,受土壤深度的影响不显著。土壤因子分析发现,总有机碳(TOC)、总硫(TS)、总氮(TN)、铵氮(NH⁺₄-N)和硝酸盐氮(...     

生物滞留池用于城市雨水径流控制研究现状和展望

生物滞留池是一种采用分散方法,从源头削减雨水和控制污染物迁移的高效LID措施。从水文效应、水质处理及模型建立三方面回顾了国外生物滞留池的研究现状,对生物滞留池用于国内城市雨水径流控制展望如下:在满足水量负荷下对溶解性N和颗粒悬浮物去除的研究;生物滞留池长期运行稳定性研究,包括填料的二次污染和自然再生等;生物滞留池水力模型和水质模型的研究必须与理论研究相结合,以减少试验周期和优化试验参数。     

给水厂污泥改良生物滞留填料除磷效果的研究

通过静态吸附实验研究了土壤、给水厂污泥对磷的吸附特性,采用生物滞留模拟柱,考察生物滞留技术对城市径流中磷的去除效果,评价以给水厂污泥改良填料的可行性.结果表明,给水厂污泥对磷的吸附能力远大于土壤.在进水磷浓度为1.0 mg·L-1条件下,传统填料模拟柱出水总磷随着进水量的增加浓度逐渐增大,而改良填料模拟柱表现出稳定的长期去除效果,经7个月的连续运行,改良填料模拟柱出水总磷的浓度仍小于0.050 mg·L-1,满足地表水Ⅲ类水质标准.根据静态吸附实验估算结果,相同的控制条件下,添加4%给水厂污泥的改良填料对磷的吸附能力约为传统填料的4倍.无定型铁铝的沉淀、吸附作用是改良填料截留进水中磷的主要机制,工程应用中可在填料中添加4%~5%比例的给水厂污泥以提高生物滞留设施控制受纳水体富营养化的效果.     

生物滞留设施去除城市道路径流中邻苯二甲酸酯的效果评估

上海市区道路径流中存在邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染,平均浓度达到171.71μg·L~(-1),高于欧洲和澳大利亚道路径流浓度近一个数量级,直接排放会对地表水体造成污染.为了从源头控制道路径流中PAEs污染,在上海内环高架道路下建造了应用规模生物滞留设施,研究城市绿色基础设施对道路径流中6种美国EPA优先控制PAEs污染物的控制效果及机理.生物滞留设施表面积为20 m2,汇水面积约为400 m2,底部带有防渗膜,适用于高地下水位地区.结果表明,8场监测降雨事件中,设施出水∑6PAEs平均浓度为10.23μg·L~(-1),显著低于道路径流∑6PAEs平均浓度171.71μg·L~(-1)(p0.05).沉淀预处理对PAEs无显著去除效果,生物滞留池对DEHP的去除率与TSS的去除率呈显著正相关,主要通过基质层截留作用去除;DEP、DBP、DMP等低分子量PAEs的去除率与设施水力负荷呈负相关,主要通过生物滞留池基质的吸附作用去除.DEHP、DBP为我国《地表水环境控制标准》控制污染物,生物滞留池出水DBP浓度低于标准值3μg·L~(-1),达标率100%;出水DEHP浓度大多情况下低于标准值8μg·L~(-1),达标率为71%,生物滞留设施可以有效控制道路径流PAEs污染.本研究的结果适用于我国东南部地下水位较高的地区,可为绿色基础设施控制地表径流PAEs提供设计理论指导.     

土壤多功能性对微生物多样性降低的响应

土壤微生物群落在驱动多种生态系统功能和生态过程中发挥着重要作用,是维持生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.鉴于全球背景下观察到土壤微生物多样性随着土地利用集约化、气候变化而降低的现象,对土壤微生物多样性的减少是否会对土壤多功能性产生影响进行调查显得尤为重要.利用稀释灭绝法构建土壤微生物多样性梯度,结合高通量测序等技术手段,探究细菌、真菌和原生生物多样性降低对土壤多功能性的影响.结果表明,与未灭菌土壤相比,稀释处理土壤微生物α多样性（丰富度指数和香农指数）显著降低.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,未灭菌土壤微生物群落结构与稀释处理土壤存在显著分异,而且细菌和真菌群落对稀释处理的响应高于原生生物.回归模型显示,土壤多功能性与微生物多样性指标呈显著的负线性关系,表明土壤微生物群落变化是调节土壤多功能性的关键因素.其次,通过集成推进树（ABT）和回归模型预测分析发现,一些特定的微生物类群如真菌短柄菌属（Solicoccozyma）、瓦湖胶珊瑚菌（Holtermanniella）和细菌属Rudaea相对丰度与土壤多功能性显著负相关,说明关键微生物类群在生物过程中发挥了指示性作用.进一步通过结构方程模型揭示,细菌、真菌和原生生物多样性都对土壤多功能性存在直接或间接影响,其中细菌是驱动土壤多功能性变化的关键生物因子.研究为土壤微生物多样性对土壤多功能性的影响提供了试验证据,并认为在单一农业生态系统中维持一定的土壤微生物群落多样性,特别是关键微生物类群的多样性对未来生态系统功能的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

木屑生物炭对填料土的氮磷吸附及雨水持留改良影响

现阶段生物滞留系统的填料土存在氮磷营养盐净化效果不稳定、雨水持留能力下降等问题.为评估木屑生物炭作为生物滞留系统填料土添加剂的改良效果,选用对照填料土和施用了木屑生物炭的改良填料土进行对比研究,通过理化性质测试、等温吸附实验、土柱实验和土水特征曲线测定,研究木屑生物炭对填料土的改良影响与优化机制.结果表明,木屑生物炭孔隙率大、比表面积大、饱和含水率高和CEC高,可优化填料土的结构,提升填料土的离子交换能力;木屑生物炭对填料土的氮磷吸附改良效果突出,对NH4+-N的最大吸附量提高了 2.80倍,去除率由31.30％提高至64.10％,对PO43--P的最大吸附量提高了 1.28倍,去除率由61.90％提高至90.00％;经木屑生物炭改良后,填料土的饱和含水率提高1.63倍,渗透系数提高2.43倍,在各含水率下的基质吸力明显增加.木屑生物炭的添加可优化生物滞留系统填料土的性能,加强对雨水径流中氮磷营养盐的吸附,提高系统的渗透性和雨水持留能力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.