芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以W_C(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化. 结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低W_C和CST. 试验中当pH为4,w(H₂O₂)和 w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,W_C和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s. Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与W_C和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低. 液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.      

缺氧酸化联合零价铁-过氧化氢改善污泥脱水性能的研究

为探讨缺氧酸化联合零价铁(ZVI)-过氧化氢(H_2O_2)调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,本文通过单因素试验,以污泥比阻(SRF)作为参考指标,系统考察了调理条件对污泥脱水性能的影响.同时,在试验的最佳调理条件下,分析了污泥各层胞外聚合物(EPS)有机物质量浓度及荧光光谱强度以阐明该联合作用机理.结果表明,当初始pH为2,ZVI投加量为280 mg·g~(-1)(以干污泥量(DS)计,下同),缺氧时间为4 h,H_2O_2投加量为30 mg·g~(-1)(以DS计,下同),类芬顿反应时间为10 min时,SRF降低了90.39%,处理效果较单独类芬顿处理提升了1倍.机理探究试验表明,在缺氧条件下,酸化处理可加速污泥的水解,溶解得到更多的二价铁离子,促使EPS结构发生改变;ZVI-H_2O_2调理可有效地氧化部分EPS,使得紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)破解转化至松散结合胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和上清液胞外聚合物(SB-EPS).EPS分析结果表明,蛋白质的减少能有效提高污泥脱水性能,腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物的产生能提高污泥疏水性能.此外,ZVI的再次利用效率高,重复利用仍能使SRF降低率达到82.04%.因此,缺氧酸化联合ZVI-H_2O_2处理能实现污泥的水解、氧化和絮凝过程,达到改善污泥脱水性能的目的.     

污泥胞外聚合物的提取方法及其对污泥脱水性能的影响

采用7种不同方法提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS),并研究污泥不同层EPS剥离前后对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,甲醛+NaOH和2%EDTA提取法对污泥中紧密结合的胞外聚合物(tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances,TB-EPS)提取效率最高,总固体(SS)中的EPS提取量分别为128.9 mg.g-1和42.38 mg.g-1,但提取后细胞破裂严重,不能代表污泥EPS的真实含量,不宜采用.加热法较为温和,提取效率较高,总SS中EPS产量为21.97 mg.g-1.污泥剥离黏液层(Slime层)、松散结合的胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)和TB-EPS层后污泥的脱水性能大幅度改善,其中Slime层EPS含量越高污泥的脱水性能越差,当污泥EPS大量地释放到溶液中即Slime层时污泥的CST值大幅度升高,污泥的脱水性能变差.石湖墟和昂船舟污泥初始的毛细吸水时间(CST)为132.9 s和229.9 s,当剥离Slime层时这2种污泥的CST值分别为80.8 s和79.4 s,脱水性能得到明显改善.     

基于Fe3+/EDTA-2Na的类芬顿对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响

剩余污泥的高含水率限制了对其后续处理以及资源化利用. 为了改善污泥脱水性能,利用Fe3+/EDTA-2Na类芬顿试剂作为调理剂强化污泥脱水,通过粒径分析、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对剩余污泥进行表征,探究其强化脱水机理. 结果表明:经过氧化调理后的污泥泥饼含水率降至67.8%,并有62.32%的结合水得以释放. 污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)结构被氧化破解,紧密结合的胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)中的多糖和蛋白质浓度显著减少;污泥絮体减小,但从SEM图可以看出絮体结构变得规整、平滑,且出现不规则孔洞,增加了污泥水分的输送通道,改善了污泥的脱水性能. FTIR分析表明,氧化处理后的污泥清液中水的吸收峰变小,多糖和蛋白质对应的吸收峰增强,而富里酸对应的峰消失. 研究显示,基于Fe3+/EDTA-2Na类芬顿的污泥调理可以高效氧化破解污泥,提高污泥脱水性能.      

Fe~(2+)/S_2O_8~(2-)氧化法改善污泥脱水性能研究

采用亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐调理污泥,探究其对污泥脱水性能的影响。以CST降低率和污泥沉降比为评价指标,借助响应面法的Box-Behnken试验设计,考察各实验因素对污泥脱水性能的交互影响,确定最优工艺条件,并对脱水机理进行分析。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8投加量为125.24 mg/g DS,Fe~(2+)投加量为32.86 mg/g DS,pH值为6.8时,CST降低率达到89.35%,污泥脱水性能最好,三因素交互作用明显。对调理前后污泥样品的分析测试结果表明,该过程主要是Fe~(2+)活化激发S_2O_8~(2-)产生强氧化自由基SO_4~-·,将团聚紧密的污泥絮体破解为碎片状,形成孔洞结构,附着在污泥颗粒上的胞外聚合物发生溶解,这些变化有利于结合水的脱除。     

Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水:胞外聚合物和黏度的特性研究

Fenton试剂具有高效破坏污泥絮体及改善污泥生物可降解性的能力,而被视为强化污泥脱水的有效手段。对Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和黏度对污泥脱水性能的影响进行了研究,污泥脱水性能采用毛细吸水时间(CST)评价。结果表明:Fenton预处理时,H_2O_2添加量和m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))对污泥的脱水性能有重要影响,优化的污泥脱水条件为m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))=1∶1,H_2O_2添加量200 mg/g(VSS);m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))和H_2O_2添加量对污泥中EPS分布影响显著,EPS分量分布具有明显差异,可能原因为Fenton试剂对污泥絮体结构的破坏程度不同;污泥CST与EPS分量之间基本不符合线性相关,而非线性回归随H_2O_2添加量变化相关性排序为:100>150>200>25(单位为mg/g,以单位质量VSS计);污泥黏度总体上随m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))的增大而增加,而随H_2O_2添加量的增加逐渐下降,污泥CST值与黏度总体上呈显著正相关。     

高碘酸钠与APAM联合调理对污泥脱水的影响

采用高碘酸钠与阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）联合调理改善污泥脱水性。以污泥比阻和污泥滤饼含水率作为衡量污泥脱水性的指标,分析胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质和多糖含量,并测定污泥Zeta电位和粒径。结果表明:当污泥初始pH为8时,88 mg/g DS（干污泥）的高碘酸钠和2 mg/g DS的APAM可以有效改善污泥脱水,联合调理后污泥比阻降低至4.82×1012 m/kg,污泥滤饼含水率降低至69.67%。污泥经过高碘酸钠氧化后,Zeta负电性降低,可溶性胞外聚合物（S-EPS）中的蛋白质含量增加,荧光光谱显示腐植酸物质的荧光强度降低,污泥中值粒径经过高碘酸钠絮凝后减小。研究结果表明,组合调理剂可以有效改善污泥脱水性,并利于后续污泥处理与处置。     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

盐度对SBR处理垃圾渗滤液污泥胞外聚合物及污泥特性的影响

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以投加Na Cl固体的方式改变体系盐度,考察盐度变化对SBR运行过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)及污泥特性的影响。结果表明:盐度的增加(5~15 g/L)对SBR去除COD效果的影响不显著,而对氨氮的去除率则从92%下降至50%;污泥松散型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)的含量从13.26 mg/g增加至31.75 mg/g,紧密型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)从19.12 mg/g增至25.75 mg/g。对LB-EPS、TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)与多糖(PS)进行分析可知,两类EPS中的PN与PS含量均随盐度的增加而增加,但PS的增加量大于PN。进一步将EPS含量的变化与污泥的相关特性进行分析发现,污泥体积指数(SVI)总体上随着EPS含量的增加而增加,污泥的疏水性呈现下降趋势。此外,还发现污泥的Zeta电位受到EPS与盐度的共同影响,呈现先负向减小后增大的趋势,污泥絮体结构随着盐度的增加更为松散。     

基质投加量对生物调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

通过在剩余污泥中投加FeSO_4及S~0的生物基质进行生物调理的方法改善污泥脱水性质.在确定两者的投加质量比为7∶3(FeSO_4的质量以Fe~(2+)计)的条件下,分别投加质量为污泥干重的10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的混合基质,结果表明当基质投加量为污泥干重的20%时,污泥的脱水性能最佳.其中,毛细吸水时间(CST)较对照组降低了38.71%,粘度下降了81.91%,泥饼含固率为对照组的135.19%.同时,污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)总量有了显著的下降,污泥絮体中的有机质从与污泥细胞更紧密结合的紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)中释放到较外层的疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)中,且Zeta电位接近中性,从而使得污泥脱水性能得到改善.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.