腐植酸系离子交换剂处理重金属废水的研究

报道了一种用风化煤制造的新型腐植酸系钙型离子交换剂。以Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Ni~(2+)作动态与静态试验表明,该交换剂工作容量大,使用寿命长。它对多种共存金属离子具有很强的选择吸附能力,其吸附顺序为Hg~(2+)>Pb~(2+)>Cu~(2+)>Cr~(3+)>Cd~(2+)>Zn~(2+)>Ni~(2+)。共存离子Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对其吸附能力影响很小。吸附金属离子的主要化学反应是离子交换作用。它对含Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Pb~(2+)等重金属离子废水具有优良的净化能力,且易于再生。     

新型分离富集剂对重金属离子吸附能力的研究

本文从静态和动态两个方面探讨了各种实验条件对新型分离富集剂吸附能力的影响。结果表明:在静态条件下,Cd~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的吸附平衡时间为1h,Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)为1.5h;富集剂对上述几种离子的吸附速度的顺序是:Pb~(2+)>Cu~(2+)>Zn~(2+)>Cd~(2+);当[Mg~(2+)]<200mg/L,[Ca~(2+)<400mg/L,[K~+]<350mg/L时,此三种金属离子不会干扰对Cu~(2+)的吸附。对于动态吸附,当吸附剂用量为0.1g(对Hg~(2+)),或0.15g(对Cu~(2+)),pH为0.3—8(对Hg~(2+)),3～8(对Cu~(2+))及流速>7mL/min(对Hg~(2+)),或≤10mL/min(对Cu~(2+))时,本富集剂可完全吸附上述两种物质。另外,此富集剂的饱和吸附量为巯基棉的3—20倍,具有很高的吸附能力和很好的稳定性。     

用无机凝胶除去重金属的研究

亚铁氰化铬凝胶对Ag~ ,Cu~(2 )、Tl~ 、Zn~(2 ),Co~(2 )、Cd~(2 )、Mn~(2 )、和Fe~(2 )具有较强的亲和力,已被用于Tl~ 、Hg~(2 )、Mg~(2 )、Fe~(3 )等某些重金属的分离与回收。其中,有些重金属离子能完全由亚铁氰化铬交换柱中洗提出来。因此,亚铁氰化铬可用于处理富含重金属离子的工业废水。     

重金属离子对生物污泥活性的抑制

研究了工业废水中常见的Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)和Fe~(3+)七种重金属离子对生物污泥的抑制作用。发现其抑制的机理各不相同,前五种为不可逆抑制,污泥经过洗涤,活性不易恢复,而后二种为可逆抑制,污泥洗涤后,活性能基本恢复。试验还发现,几种金属离子同时存在时,抑制性比单一金属离子强。金属离子会在污泥中积聚,因此,即使废水中浓度很低,长期接触也会使生物污泥活性降低。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除及重金属和盐度的影响

为探究异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除效果,本文考察了混合菌(DM01+YH01+YH02)对尿素的去除特性,以及重金属和盐度对其去除率的影响.结果表明,当废水中尿素质量浓度为200.0 mg·L~(-1),碳源为柠檬酸三钠、 C/N为10、温度为30℃、 pH为7和转速为130 r·min~(-1)时,尿素在24 h可以得到高效降解,去除率为91.8%;重金属离子(Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+))会降低混合菌对尿素的去除效果,影响能力的大小顺序为Cd~(2+)Cu~(2+)Ni~(2+)Zn~(2+),然而, Fe~(2+)(20.0 mg·L~(-1))会增强混合菌对尿素的去除效果;盐度(10.0 mg·L~(-1))会抑制混合菌株对于尿素的去除.     

水中Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的Mn~(2+)-APDC共沉淀原子吸收法测定

1 前言以火焰原子吸收法测定饮用水中Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,通常,需对水样进行浓缩富集。常用的MIBK等有机试剂,易挥发、有毒,且较难处理回收。Fe(OH)_3、Zn(OH)_2等无机共沉淀体系也不理想。而有机螯合共沉淀体系,则是浓缩和分离的较理想方法。 E.A.Boyle和J.M.Edmonel用Co-APDC共沉淀体系富集了海水中的Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+);Fujwara等用Co-APDC共沉淀法富集了海水中的Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+);齐文启等以Mn~(2+)-DDTC共沉淀法富集了天然水中的Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+)。在上述工作基础上,本文研究了Mn~(2+)-APDC和Mn~(2+)-DDTC体系对自来水中Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的富集效果。实验结果表明,以Mn~(2+)-APDC共沉淀体系富集Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)较理想。     

新型钛酸钠填料对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附研究

以钛酸钠纳米纤维为原材料制备新型钛酸钠填料,对水体中常见的重金属(Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+))进行竞争吸附实验研究,分析了四元、三元及双组分竞争吸附的选择性吸附特性,并探讨了4种金属离子在钛酸钠填料上的相互作用关系.结果显示,初始浓度较低时,4种离子之间的相互影响差异性不明显;随着初始浓度的升高,4种离子的竞争吸附分配系数都呈下降的趋势,竞争吸附系数大小顺序为:Pb~(2+)Cu~(2+)Zn~(2+)Cd~(2+),这与重金属离子的第一水解常数大小顺序一致.竞争吸附结果表明,水中存在Pb~(2+)时,其余3种离子的吸附都会被抑制,尤其对Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的抑制更显著,即在钛酸钠填料上Pb~(2+)的竞争吸附能力最强,Cu~(2+)次之,而Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的竞争吸附能力较弱,其吸附过程容易受到其他二价金属离子的抑制.     

过渡族金属掺杂对BiFeO_3物相和光催化性的影响

以二乙三胺五乙酸为配体,通过低温热分解配位前驱体法制备掺杂过渡族金属(Co~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、和Cu~(2+))的铁酸铋。通过XRD和IR等手段研究掺杂离子种类和比例对产物物相的影响。结果表明,掺杂金属离子的种类和比例都对产物物相存在明显的影响。同时,以甲基橙为降解模型研究掺杂对产物光催化性的影响。结果表明,Zn~(2+)、Co~(2+)以及Co~(3+)这3种离子的少量掺杂对FeBiO_3的光催化性能有不同程度的提高,而Mn~(2+)的掺杂则降低FeBiO_3的光催化性。与不掺杂所形成FeBiO_3产物相比,甲基橙分别在掺杂3%Zn~(2+)和3%Co~(2+)的产物催化作用下,光照3 h后的光降解率均可提高37%左右。另外,还研究了掺杂Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)这2种离子所形成产物的磁性分离、回收和循环催化效果。结果发现,由这2种离子掺杂3%后所形成产物具有良好的催化稳定性以及磁回收性能。     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

用川东石油硫醚萃取贵金属钯的研究

川东天然气凝析油,由于含有大量石油硫化物而难以利用。本研究将川东凝析油里分离出来的石油硫化物,用于萃取分离贵金属钯,以变废为宝。试验证明,该石油硫化物的四氯乙烷溶液,几乎可以定量地从含Pd~(2+),Pt~(2+),Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Ni~(2+)离子的混合液中萃取出钯,它是钯的一种价格低廉而性能优异的萃取剂。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.