基于LCA和AHP的污泥处理技术的综合性能评价

应用生命周期评价和层次分析法,分别对干化焚烧、简单填埋2种污泥处理方式进行综合性能评价,获得了2种处理方式的环境、资源、经济及其综合性能指标,并进行了对比分析。在环境方面,污泥填埋工艺呈现出高潜值,人体毒性和固体废弃物为主要的环境影响类型,人体毒性对焚烧环境影响的作用较大。在资源消耗和经济成本方面,污泥干化焚烧较高。各指标权重相同时,污泥焚烧技术的综合性能优于填埋,且经济成本对干化焚烧的综合性能作用最大,而环境性能对填埋的综合指标的影响较大。随着环境要求的提高,干化焚烧有利于可持续发展。     

污泥流化床干化器换热器盘管磨损现象分析和对策

污泥干化焚烧是大中城市污泥处理处置中的一个重要环节,以石洞口污泥干化焚烧为例,由于污泥中含有一定量的细沙,在脱水污泥与流化床换热器内盘管进行热交换和干化过程中,污泥不可避免地对换热器盘管产生摩擦,如何减小污泥干化过程中对换热器的磨损,延长流化床干燥器使用寿命和提高污泥干化处理能力是国内流化床干化污泥工艺必须解决的一个重要问题。本文根据长期对流化床运行工艺的理解和现场观测,从不同方面提出延长干燥器使用周期的方法和方案,有助于国内相似设备在运行中借鉴。     

城市污泥处置方法的探讨—萧山模式

随着工业和城市的发展,污水处理率的提高,城市污泥产量越来越大.在此以处置城市污泥方面走在全国前列的萧山为例,通过对其已实施的污泥焚烧、制砖、深度脱水干化项目的工艺介绍、对环境的影响、存在问题与对策的探讨,为其他地区选择、实施污泥处置项目提供了可借鉴的经验.     

气动分配阀在污泥干化焚烧一体化装置应用中的问题与对策

循环流化床焚烧炉旋风分离器装捕捉到的高温热灰通过特殊装置(气动分配阀)引入到污泥干化器中直接干化脱水污泥理念是中科院首先提出的,并在杭州七格污水厂100吨/天污泥干化焚烧一体化示范项目工程中实现应用,标志着国内在污泥焚烧技术处理领域又向前迈出了一步。循环热灰气动分配阀是创新的设计和发明,为了在工艺中更好应用,针对这一核心设备在污泥干化焚烧装置运行中出现的问题和改进的措施进行分析探讨。     

生物干化污泥混煤燃烧特性及污染物排放规律研究

从生物干化污泥处理厂和掺煤焚烧发电厂采集样品,对样品的热重特性、燃烧特征参数进行了分析测定,同时对干化污泥和煤不同质量比例的混合试样(煤样质量分数为0%、20%、30%和40%)进行燃烧特性试验,利用烟气分析仪检测了NO_x和SO_2排放规律。热重实验表明,生物干化污泥的着火温度为257~264℃,600℃时基本完全燃烧,综合燃烧特性指数与煤样相当,与煤样混烧可降低其着火点,改善综合燃烧性能。燃烧试验表明,生物干化污泥单独燃烧时NO_x和SO_2排放浓度较高,混烧可减少二次污染物排放。燃烧过程中氮氧化物主要为NO,生物干化污泥与煤混合样品呈现单峰排放的特征,在800~900℃燃烧时生物干化污泥挥发分的析出燃烧促进了煤样中焦炭氮的提前释放与燃烧;燃烧过程中SO_2呈现双峰排放特征。发电厂实际混烧利用时,可以通过提高燃烧温度、缩短焚烧停留时间,从而减少燃烧过程中二次污染物的总排放量。     

污泥余热干化技术及其经济性分析

我国污水处理厂每年都会产生大量的污泥,其复杂的成分及高含水率制约污泥的有效利用,如何降低污泥的含水率是其资源化利用的关键。首先调研了污泥产生及成分,从污泥干化的典型工艺及设备、干化过程的环境污染与控制、污泥干化过程的尾气处理和污泥干化经济性分析4个方面对污泥干化技术进行阐述,指出污泥余热干化是污泥实现节能、经济及环保的有效处置方式。     

市政污泥半干化-焚烧一体化对环境影响的评价

随着市政污水处理厂的不断增加,城市污泥大幅增长,污泥半干化-焚烧一体化是污泥无害化、减量化和资源化的有效途径之一,通过计算污泥半干化-焚烧过程中物料平衡和热量平衡,同时对排放物进行分析,从而评价市政污泥处理对生态环境的影响,研究的结果表明:每处理100t湿污泥,需要掺烧4.89t无烟煤,在焚烧的过程中,在没有净化工艺的...     

干化-焚烧联运技术在含油污泥处理中的应用

采用污泥干化焚烧联运技术,处理污水场三泥及装置区清罐底泥,通过对国内同类装置运行现状分析,有针对性地进行了工艺优化。从运行效果来看,各工序点分析数据满足设计要求,污泥处理效果理想,运行安全稳定,烟气排放远优于排放限值,能耗低于设计值,现场异味控制优良。     

市政污泥干化特性研究

以上海市青浦区市政污水厂脱水污泥为原料,这篇文章从工业分析、微观形态、基本成分及热值等方面研究了污泥干化前后的性状差异,为实现污泥的干化焚烧提供基础数据。     

污水处理厂污泥处理环境影响评价分析

对污水处理厂的污泥处理进行严谨的环境影响评价,才能有效降低污水处理厂对环境的影响和破坏,实现可持续发展。本文以我市城市污水处理厂污泥处理情况为例,讨论了污泥处理项目在污水处理厂环境评价工作中应该关注的问题,从工艺比选、选址、堆肥工艺污染物排放和运输过程等四个方面进行分析。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.