生活垃圾与木薯茎共热解制油试验研究

选取木薯茎作为与生活垃圾共热解的试验物料,采用热重分析(TG-DTG)、动力学分析、红外分析(FTIR)等方法,研究不同比例木薯茎对生活垃圾热解产物的影响、最佳添加量及协同作用。结果表明:热解主要分为脱水、热解和炭化3个阶段,生活垃圾与木薯茎混合共热解的温度区间主要在200~550℃;生活垃圾、木薯茎及20%木薯茎与生活垃圾混合的热解活化能分别为50.72、37.72及43.36 k J/mol,添加一定量的木薯茎可以降低生活垃圾热解的表观活化能,并对生活垃圾的热解具有一定的促进作用;木薯茎最佳添加量为20%,热解液的产率提高了6.24%;与生活垃圾单独热解相比,添加20%木薯茎的共热解油中羧酸、醇、酚的含量有所减少,有利于脱氧、脱酸,提高热解油的热值,增加热解液的有机物种类与数量。     

城市生活垃圾与松木屑共热解实验研究

以松木屑与城市生活垃圾为实验原料,在固定床反应器中进行共热解实验研究,考察松木屑添加量对城市生活垃圾热解产物产率的影响。利用GC-MS、FT-IR、气相色谱仪等仪器对热解油组成和气体产物进行了分析。结果表明:与单独生活垃圾热解相比,随着松木屑添加量的增加,热解焦产率逐渐降低,热解气和水分产率逐渐升高,而热解油先升高后降低;当松木屑添加量为40%时,热解焦的产率降低9.3%,热解油产率增加至27%,热解气组分中CO_2产量增加幅度较大,增加了16.27 mL/g,而H_2的产量为2.58 mL/g,CO的产量为4.37 mL/g,CH_4的产量为33.74 mL/g;松木屑与城市生活垃圾共热解能够降低城市生活垃圾热解油中醇类、羧酸类、醛类等有机化合物的含量,而酯类、酮类、多环芳烃和苯系物的含量则有明显增加。     

煤矸石砖烧结固硫的实验研究

在煤矸石制砖原料中添加高效固硫剂,可显著降低砖瓦焙烧过程中废气SO_2产生量,实现从源头减少SO_2排放的目的,并降低末端脱硫成本。文章通过对CaO、CaCO_3、Ca(OH)_2 3种钙基固硫剂在不同添加量下的固硫效果以及对烧结砖强度的影响分析发现,随着添加量的增加,3种固硫剂的固硫率逐渐增加,在钙硫比为1.0时,固硫率最高可达到47.74%;在添加量相同时,添加Ca(OH)_2的烧结砖强度要大于添加CaCO_3和CaO的烧结砖强度。通过优化配比,研究了Ca(OH)_2和CaCO_3 2种固硫剂按7∶3的比例混合制备复合钙基固硫剂,当钙硫比为0.8时,复合固硫剂的固硫率为47.79%,增加了11.96%,而复合固硫剂对烧结砖抗压强度的影响与Ca(OH)_2类似。研究结果可为煤矸石砖固硫剂制备提供支持。     

城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF及其燃烧特性研究

利用城市垃圾筛上物制备RDF可以实现垃圾处理的减量化和资源化。研究了北京市城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF的工艺条件,探讨不同成型压力、含水率以及助燃剂含量对RDF成型特性的影响,在此基础上研究添加CaO对其燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:含水率10%,成型压力1 MPa的RDF在加入1%的KClO4后成型较好,燃烧后残渣少。随着CaO添加量的增加,RDF燃烧SO2的释放量减少;而当CaO添加量大于2%时,HCl的释放量基本保持不变。在RDF中加入CaO可以将其中的氯元素和硫元素有效固定在残渣中,从而有效减少了酸性气体排放。     

城市生活垃圾与园林废物的热解实验

以城市生活垃圾与园林废弃的松木和柏木作为实验原料,采用实验室固定床反应器进行共热解实验研究,考察了松木、柏木添加对生活垃圾热解失重率、热解产物产率的影响,利用GC-MS、FT-IR分析热解油成分。实验结果表明:生活垃圾和松木(4∶1)、柏木(3∶2)共热解时热解油产率分别增加了6. 6,4. 7百分点,热解油的热值分别提高10. 31,8. 01 MJ/kg;混合物在热解过程中出现明显的协同作用,共热解最大失重率比生活垃圾单独热解分别增加了11,8百分点;热解动力学分析表明,共热解反应的表观活化能较单独热解时分别降低了3. 85,6. 10 k J/mol;热解油的GC-MS及FT-IR分析表明,共热解降低了醇类、羧酸类、脂肪烃类等含氧有机物含量,提高了热解油的热值,使热解油品质得到有效改善。     

煤矸石复合型添加剂对城市生活垃圾热解的影响

利用热重分析和动力学分析全面探究了煤矸石复合型添加剂对城市生活垃圾热解的影响,分析结果表明:添加煤矸石复合型添加剂可以在一定程度上提高城市生活垃圾热解的效率。更进一步地,研究了煤矸石复合型添加剂的添加对热解产物,特别是气体组分产量的影响,发现添加煤矸石复合型添加剂可以提高气体组分的产量。煤矸石复合型添加剂对H2、CO以及CH4产气速率的影响十分显著,添加800℃活化煤矸石复合型添加剂,热解气中的H2产气速率提高最快;添加500℃活化过的煤矸石复合型添加剂,热解气中的CO产气速率提高最快;添加1 000℃活化过的煤矸石复合型添加剂,热解气中的CH4产气速率提高最快。     

废旧锂电池电极活性材料真空热解固氟研究

以废旧锂离子电池电极活性材料为研究对象,在真空热解过程中加入CaO作为固氟剂,用以吸收电极活性材料在真空热解的回收工艺中产生的氟磷化合物,能有效减轻二次污染。研究了温度、CaO添加量、停留时间等热解条件对真空热解固氟效果的影响。结果表明固氟效果随温度的增加而增加,在温度500℃以上变化不大,并略有下降;CaO添加量对固氟效果有促进作用,30%可达到很高的固氟效果;30 min的停留时间对于含氟化合物的分解已经足够。得到CaO固氟工序的最佳操作参数:CaO添加量30%左右,温度500~600℃,停留时间30 min。     

纳米TiO2催化燃烧固硫的实验研究

通过纳米TiO2催化CaO燃烧后粉煤灰的成分分析和燃烧烟气中SO2含量的测定确定固硫效果,探讨了纳米TiO2添加量、Ca/S摩尔比、不同条件制备的纳米TiO2及燃烧温度对分析纯CaO固硫的影响,比较了纳米TiO2对不同煤种以及不同钙基固硫剂的固硫效果,并对反应产物进行了X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析.结果表明,纳米TiO2与CaO共同作用时,纳米TiO2最佳的添加量为8%;在Ca/S摩尔比为2、燃烧温度为850℃时纳米TiO2催化分析纯和工业纯CaO固硫效率达87.8%和60.3%,比不添加纳米TiO2时增加13.4%和29.6%.纳米TiO2对不同煤种燃烧时CaO固硫有较好地催化作用,能够促进SO2转化成SO3的本征反应,同时增加煤灰的孔尺寸,促进二氧化硫的扩散从而提高CaO的固硫效果.     

城市生活垃圾与煤混烧灰渣的熔融特性及成分分析

根据我国城市生活垃圾熔融焚烧需要添加一定量辅助燃料进行稳燃的实际情况以及垃圾成分复杂、波动性大的特点，对配比一定煤的混合垃圾焚烧灰渣的熔融特性及熔融渣的回收利用进行实验研究．实验结果表明：垃圾的熔融特性主要与垃圾渣中的以SiO2-A12O3-CaO-Fe2O3为代表成分有关，垃圾渣中SiO2/A12O3、SiO2 Al2O3、CaO Fe2O3对灰渣熔融点T3的影响与该成分在垃圾渣中存在的化学形式及其性质有关；垃圾熔融渣的物理性能优良，渣中的重金属浸出和噁英的含量均达环保标准．可以直接对垃圾熔融渣进行回收利用。     

污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属稳定性研究:铁盐添加剂的作用

在污泥包裹飞灰中添加不同比例的铁盐后进行热解,依据HJ/T 300—2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法——醋酸缓冲溶液法》,研究了铁盐对污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定效果,确定了基于热解炭最终处置目标的最经济的铁盐添加量和最大飞灰包裹量。结果表明:添加混合铁盐可以增加污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定性,随着铁盐添加量增加,重金属的浸出浓度先减小后增加。综合经济性和稳定性,确定最适宜的铁盐添加量为1.5%。添加铁盐可增加污泥的飞灰包裹量,在Fe添加量为1.5%,热解温度500℃的条件下,污泥对飞灰的最大包裹量是1∶2,此条件下的产物热解炭可以进入生活垃圾填埋场处置。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.