有机磷农药生物降解技术研究进展

有机磷农药是目前国内外使用较多的化学农药,对人、畜均有毒性。长期以来,人们努力寻找降解有机磷农药的方法,以去除其对人类生活的不利影响。对现有的有机磷农药种类、毒性、生物降解技术以及现有成果进行了系统的归纳和总结,并对有机磷农药生物降解的进一步研究提出了建议。     

光催化及生物降解法处理有机磷农药废水

光催化及生物降解法处理有机磷农药废水１前言有机磷农药是７０年代发展起来的农药新品种，目前我国各大农药生产厂均把有机磷农药作为基本品种，其产量约占全国农药总产量的８０％以上，在生产过程中排放出大量的有毒物质，对环境造成严重的污染，因此对这类农药废水的治...     

农药废水中总有机磷的色谱测定

本文介绍采用气相色谱火焰光度法(GC-FPD)测定农药废水中总有机磷。用苯萃取废水申的有机磷农药,在表温1050—1080℃的石英反应管中通入氢气将有机磷农药还原生成磷化氢(pH_3),然后通过 GC-FPD 检测。试验证明了不同结构的有机磷农药转化率基本一致。本方法操作简便、准确、快速,对于有机磷农药总含量为0.5毫克/升的水祥,测定的相对平均误差为7.0％,相对偏差为8.5％。     

有机磷农药废水生化治理现状及进展

通过对化工部83个农药厂的调查,分析了有机磷农药废水生化治理现状、特点及问题,介绍了国内有机磷农药废水生化处理科研动态及进展情况,并为深入开展有机磷农药废水生化处理工作提出了建议。     

有机磷农药光催化分解的可行性研究

本文研究了不同半导体催化剂存在下。磷酸酯类及硫代磷酸酯类农药的光催化分解规律,1×10~(-4)摩尔/升有机磷农药水溶液在TiO_2存在下,pH为9时,半小时内有机磷完全转化成PO_4~(3-)。另外还研究了电子接受体H_2O_2对光解的影响,及采用太阳光做光源处理有机磷农药废水的可行性。     

有机磷农药废水的剖析

本文介绍了利用GC-MS-EI,GC色谱和IC色谱等分析方法,剖析有机磷农药废水中原体及其主要降解物的定性、定量结果。     

车间空气中有机磷浓度测定

天津农药厂是生产有机磷农药的重点企业之一,多年来我们一直对车间空气中的有机磷浓度进行检测。最初,我们采用酶化学法测定,虽然灵敏度高,但是准确度较差。从1977年起,采用气相色谱法(电子捕获检测器)测定,经过几年实践,取得了较好效果,简介如下。     

甲胺磷等5种高毒农药将全面淘汰

4月5日，农业部农药检定所发出《关于撤销甲胺磷等5种高毒农药产品登记的通知》(以下简称《通知》)，拟分阶段撤销含甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、久效磷和磷胺等5种有机磷农药(以下简称甲胺磷等5种高毒有机磷农药)的产品登记，并自2007年1月1日起，全面禁止在农业上使用。     

甲胺磷农药废水生化处理高效菌选育的研究

从用甲胺磷农药废水长期驯化的活污泥中，筛选得到两株降解甲胺磷农药废水中有机磷的高效菌，经鉴定一株为蜡样芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｃｅｒｅｕｓ）。另一株为嗜中温假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｍｅｓｏｐｈｉｌｉｃａ）。确定了上述高效菌的最适生长条件和降解有机磷的能力，混合高效菌的有机磷去除率达９９．７％。     

生物活性炭法处理环链结构有机磷农药废水的研究

1.前言有机磷农药以其高效低残留在农业生产上得到广泛的应用,但其生产过程中排出的废水量较大,污染物成份复杂、浓度高。据统计,国内有机磷农药废水经治理后合格排放的尚不足7％,特别是环链结构的某些品种的生产废水尚无成熟的处理方法。本文报导了采用生物活性炭技术对水胺硫磷、甲基异柳磷、增效磷等环链结构有机磷农药生产混合废水进行处理的实验结果。     

降解多环芳烃的微生物的分离、鉴定方法及应用

阐述了降解多环芳烃的微生物的分离和鉴定方法；介绍了多环芳烃降解微生物的驯化方式；综述了多环芳烃降解菌的应用研究情况；对消除环境中多环芳烃污染问题的相关研究进行了展望并指出了将实验室筛选分离到的多环芳烃高效降解菌应用到实际环境中需解决的主要问题。     

解磷微生物肥料的研究与进展

磷是植物生长必需的矿物质元素之一，在土壤中易被固定降低其有效性，目前，研究和生产含有解磷功能的微生物有机肥料是转化土壤中无效磷、提高磷肥利用率的有效途径之一。叙述了解磷微生物犯料中微生物的种类、生态分布规律和影响高效解磷微生物选育的外部因素，概述了解磷微生物菌肥的应用和研究进展，探讨了解磷微生物肥料的应用价值。为解磷微生物未来的研究重点提出理论依据。．     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.     

Production and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in waste environment

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are energy/carbon storage materials accumulated under unfavorable growth condition in the presence of excess carbon source. PHAs are attracting much attention as substitute for non-degradable petrochemically derived plastics because of their similar material properties to conventional plastics and complete biodegradability under natural environment upon disposal. In this paper, PHA production and degradation in waste environment as well as its role in biological phosphorus removal are reviewed. In biological phosphorus removal process, bacteria accumulating polyphosphate (poly P) uptake carbon substrates and accumulate these as PHA by utilizing energy from breaking down poly P under anaerobic condition. In the following aerobic condition, accumulated PHA is utilized for energy generation and for the regeneration of poly P. PHA production from waste has been investigated in order to utilize abundant organic compounds in waste water. Since PHA content and PHA productivity that can be obtained are rather low, PHA production from waste product should be considered as a coupled process for reducing the amount of organic waste. PHAs can be rapidly degraded to completion in municipal anaerobic sludge by various microorganisms. ©     

A research note on the recalcitrance of carbon dioxide gas scrubbing compounds to biodegradation processes

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of biotreatment of liquid Sulfinol waste stored at a gas treatment facility. Sulfinol is used to scrub impurities from gas generated from both traditional gas extraction and that from hydraulic fracturing processes. Chemical characterization and microbiological assessment showed that cultures of Sulfinol‐degrading microorganisms could be enriched from Sulfinol‐contaminated soil containing saturated concentrations of Sulfinol: a mixture of di‐isopropanolamine (DiPA), sulfolane, and oxazolidone. Based on this initial finding from the enrichment culture study, batch reactors were incubated with inoculants from enrichment cultures containing known numbers of presumptive Sulfinol‐degrading microorganisms. The microbial analyses of liquors from batch reactors showed microbial inhibition and/or loss of viability due to Sulfinol toxicity, even at the lowest Sufinol waste concentration used (5 percent of the original waste). The changes in concentrations of the chemicals in the batch reactor trials were a result of chemical rather than biodegradation processes. Further research is recommended to develop repeatable strategies for biodegrading the constituents of Sulfinol under field conditions.     

纳米二氧化钛光催化降解水中有机污染物的研究进展

TiO2在光催化降解水中有机污染物方面具有明显的优势。综述了pH、TiO2表面改性、载体、外加氧化剂及其他因素对TiO2光催化降解水中有机污染物催化活性的影响，讨论了光电催化 、太阳能利用等对光催化领域的推动作用，展望了这方面工作的发展方向。     

微生物降解石油烃污染物的研究进展

对石油烃污染物的生物处理技术进行了较全面的介绍,总结了国内外在该领域的研究成果.重点介绍了石油烃降解微生物种类、石油烃降解酶、环境影响因素以及微生物降解石油烃技术的应用等方面的研究进展.分析了现有研究中存在的不足,并对今后的研究趋势作了预测和展望.     

Microbial Enzymes Involved in Polyurethane Biodegradation: A Review

Plastics are present in a lot of aspects of everyday life. They are very versatile and resistant to microbial attack. Polyurethanes are used in several industries and are divided in polyester and polyether polyurethanes and there are different types among them. Despite their microbial resistance, they are susceptible to the attack of fungi and bacteria but the mechanism to elucidate its biodegradation are unknown. There are reports from bacteria and fungi that are capable of degrading polyurethane but the studies about the enzymes that attack the plastic are focused on bacterial enzymes only. The enzymes reported are of type esterase and protease mainly since these enzymes are very unspecific and can recognize some regions in the polyurethane molecule and hydrolyze it. Fungal enzymes have been studied prior the 1990s decade but recently, some authors report the use of filamentous fungi to degrade polyurethane and also report some characteristics of the enzymes involved in it. This review approaches polyurethane biodegradation by focusing on the enzymes reported to date.     

超滤膜系统污染物的形貌及组成分析

通过SEM、能谱、FTIR以及电感耦合等离子体质谱的分析方法对被污染超滤膜面的无机污染物、有机污染物和微生物进行了识别和分析。研究结果表明:超滤膜面无机污染物主要为Fe(OH)3、Cu(OH)2、Al(OH)3和Si等胶体物和少量CaSO4;有机污染物主要为多菌霉素类化合物;微生物可能富含铁类化合物。同时污染膜的清洗液分析结果说明该超滤膜污染物主要为无机胶体和有机物。