黄孢原毛平革菌在城市剩余污泥中的培养条件优化研究

城市剩余污泥中含有一定的营养物质,可作为微生物的培养基。以黄孢原毛平革菌为对象,从剩余污泥和马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(PDL)配比、接种量、摇床转速、培养温度和时间等方面进行试验研究。结果表明:在100mL培养体系中含30g剩余污泥、40mLPDL或3g葡萄糖(pH=6.5),接种1 mL含107mL-1黄孢原毛平革菌的孢子悬液,温度为28℃,转速为150 r/min,培养84 h,得到黄孢原毛平革菌生物量可达3.3 g,剩余活性污泥的生物学转化率为30%~50%。城市剩余污泥可以作为黄孢原毛平革菌生长的培养基,从而实现污泥的无害化和资源化的最终目标。     

黄孢原毛平革菌原生质体的紫外诱变育种及对义马褐煤的降解转化

黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对煤炭具有降解转化效果.通过对该菌种进行原生质体紫外诱变选育,获得了高效的煤炭生物降解转化菌株.采用PDA培养基,在pH值为7.0、温度为28℃、转速为150 r/min的条件下进行黄孢原毛平革菌原生质体再生菌的培养和煤炭生物降解转化试验;黄孢原毛平革菌在36℃、振荡培养5～6h的条件下萌发出极短芽管的孢子,在含有Novonzyme234和溶壁酶的MgSO4溶液中进行破壁生成原生质体;进而选取酶解120 min的原生质体,在距离30 W紫外灯30 cm处对黄孢原毛平革菌原生质体进行紫外诱变选育;对义马褐煤、硝酸处理义马褐煤及其降解转化产物采用红外光谱进行分析.结果表明:黄孢原毛平革菌原生质体紫外诱变选育效果显著,且再生菌遗传性状稳定,在溶壁酶质量浓度为7mg/mL、Novonzyme234质量浓度为5 mg/mL、反应时间为120 min的条件下,原生质体形成率为85％,再生率为9％;在紫外辐射90s时黄孢原毛平革菌原生质体的致死率为95.6％,其原生质体再生菌对义马褐煤和硝酸处理义马褐煤的最大降解率从31.84％分别提高到42.6％和60.16％,较紫外诱变育种黄孢原毛平革菌对义马褐煤和硝酸处理义马褐煤的降解率分别提高了10.05％和8.54％;降解转化产物的官能团含量发生了变化,芳香类高聚物降解为低相对分子质量类物质及其他类物质.     

黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对3种酚酸物质的降解作用

研究黄孢原毛平革菌(P.chrysosporium)对香草酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸的降解作用.结果表明,300 μg/mL的上述3种酚酸物质与黄孢原毛平革菌共培养2 d后,3种酚酸物质的降解率分别达到73.48%、99.09%和54.74%.黄孢原毛平革菌发酵上清液对3种酚酸物质的降解能力较弱,作用2 d后,降解率分别为13.28%,4.47%和5.43%,而该菌菌丝体降解能力很强,作用2 d后3种酚酸物质的降解率分别达到65%,98.37%和48.69%.研究表明,黄孢原毛平革菌对这3种酚酸的降解主要在菌体表面或体内进行.     

不同微生物降解木质纤维素效率和过程的对比研究

在固态秸秆上培养黑曲霉M1M15M19、黄孢原毛平革菌、杂色云芝和草菇VT53,优化营养条件和培养方式,测定秸秆降解过程中木质纤维酶类和秸秆成分的变化.结果表明,4菌株降解木质素的最佳碳氮比均为1 g秸秆中加入0.4 g葡萄糖和0.006 g氯化氨.单菌株降解时,黄孢原毛平革菌对木质素的降解效果最好,32 d固态培养后,木质素降解率为37.2%;多菌株联合降解时,先接黄孢原毛平革菌后接杂色云芝方式下的降解效果最好,32 d固态培养后,木质素降解率为51.3%;4株微生物都可产生漆酶(Laeease,Lac)、锰依赖过氧化物酶(Manganese-dependent peroxidase,MnP)、木质索过氧化物酶(Lignin pemx-idase,Lip)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cel)、半纤维素酶(Hemieellulase,Hcel)等木质素降解酶类(黑曲霉M1M15M19、黄孢原毛平革菌不产生Lac).Lac、MnP、Lip是影响木质素降解的关键性酶类,Cel、Hcel是纤维素和半纤维素降解的关键性酶类,且酶活性越高,降解率越大.纤维素和半纤维素的降解优先于木质素;秸秆降解过程中产生还原性糖类,碳元素含量减少.研究表明,采用先接黄孢原毛平革菌后接杂色云芝的方式处理秸秆32 d时降解效果最好,可使木质纤维素发生生物高效降解.     

活性黑对黄孢原毛平革菌锰过氧化物酶的影响

观察了活性黑KN-B(Reactive Rlack KN-B,RB KN-B)对黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)锰过氧化物酶(MnP)酶活力和菌丝超微结构的影响以及黄孢原毛平革菌对RB KN-B的降解.于P.chrysosporium培养液MnP酶活达最高前,分别加入质量浓度为50 mg/L,200 mg/L,350 mg/L和500 mg/L的RB KN-B.分光光度法检测培养液MnP酶活,电镜观察菌丝超微结构的影响,紫外-可见光谱法检测培养液中RB KN-B的降解.结果显示,1)与对照组相比,50 mg/L RBKN-B组的MnP酶活力增强,200 mg/L、350 mg/L和500 mg/L组的MnP酶活力均显著低于对照组;2)电镜观察显示,经RB KN-B作用后,菌丝细胞膜受损,细胞内含物减少,胞质浓缩,出现质壁分离现象,500mg/L组有大量细胞解体;3)紫外-可见光谱扫描显示,RB KN-B经黄孢原毛平革菌降解,可见光波段最大吸收峰由598 nm移至525 nm和556 nm,峰值减小,紫外波段的吸收峰由315 nm移至352 nm.结果显示,黄孢原毛平革菌对RB KN-B的反应类似机体对不良环境因子的应激反应,经历了诱导、抑制及衰退的过程;RB KN-B对黄孢原毛平革菌菌丝细胞超微结构的损伤随RB KN-B浓度增高而增强,表明RBKN-B对MnP酶活的抑制与黄孢原毛平革菌结构受损密切相关;黄孢原毛平革菌对RB KN-B具有一定的降解能力,其中MnP作为关键酶起了重要的作用.     

黄孢原毛平革菌吸附六价铬的研究

利用黑曲霉常用液体培养基对黄孢原毛平革菌进行扩大培养得到的菌丝球经过冷冻干燥后磨成粒径约为180 μm的粉末用于吸附废水中的Cr(Ⅵ).考察了pH、吸附时间以及预处理方法对吸附的影响.在不同初始浓度条件下,对Cr(Ⅵ)终浓度以及吸附量进行线性转换,发现pH＝2.0条件下Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型能较好地描述P.chrysosporium菌丝球粉末对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.比较吸附前后的傅立叶变换红外光谱图可知,P.chrysosporium吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后,其主要成分和结构保持完整.     

粉煤灰处理活性艳红KD-8B染料废水的研究

研究了废水的pH值和粉煤灰的投加量对活性艳红KD-8B染料废水脱色效果的影响,并考察了粉煤灰经酸化改性、加热活化和碱化改性后的脱色能力.结果表明：最佳pH值为12.3;未经改性的粉煤灰脱色效果不好且投加量大;碱改性粉煤灰的脱色效果最佳,脱色率可达99.9%以上,对高浓度活性艳红废水,脱色率也能达95%以上.     

白腐真菌木质素降解酶的产生及其调控机制研究进展

以黄孢原毛平革菌为主,介绍了近年来白腐真菌木质素降解酶系的生理生化特性、基因组成及其调控的研究进展,并且对木质素降解酶系的外源性调控及其酶活的失活机制进行了综述.然而,尽管对白腐真菌木质素降解酶的研究已有很大的进展,但木质素降解酶的分子调控机制仍尚未明了,因此将白腐真菌实际应用于污染物的降解仍需进一步的研究.     

改性粉煤灰处理印染废水的试验研究

通过比较不同改性剂改性的粉煤灰对印染废水的处理效果,验证了Ca(OH)2改性粉煤灰的优越性,并对影响废水处理效果的主要操作条件进行了试验研究,确定了最佳反应条件.研究表明,改性粉煤灰的投加量、pH、吸附时间等对废水的处理效果影响很大.投加量为20 g/L、pH=8、吸附时间为30 min为最佳操作条件,脱色率、CODCr、SS去除率分别达到98.2%,80.9%,72.3% .改性粉煤灰不但能有效处理印染废水,并且处理后的粉煤灰可以用来制砖或水泥.     

改性膨润土对印染废水中染料的去除效果研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,以十二烷基三甲基氯化铵为改性剂,制得改性膨润土。研究了膨润土的最佳改性条件和改性膨润土用于结晶紫染料废水脱色的工艺条件,确定了改性膨润土的最佳制备条件:十二烷基三甲基氯化铵溶液浓度为1 g/L,制备温度为70℃,搅拌时间为20 min。结晶紫印染废水的最佳处理工艺条件为:改性膨润土投土量为15 g/L,pH值为8,搅拌时间为20 min。在此工艺条件下,十二烷基三甲基氯化铵改性膨润土对结晶紫染料废水脱色率可达85.4%。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.