厌氧预酸化-间歇曝气生物膜系统的生物除磷性能

采用间歇曝气生物滤池与前置厌氧生物滤池组成的生物除磷系统处理生活污水.试验考察了水力负荷以及污染物(有机物、磷酸盐)负荷率对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,该系统可以有效去除污水中的有机物和磷酸盐.系统水力停留时间HRT为23.3～4.6 h, COD出水平均浓度68 mg/L,平均去除率73.6%;TP出水平均浓度0.59 mg/L,平均去除率85.2%.系统具有良好的适应水力负荷及污染物负荷率变化的能力,运行性能稳定.间歇曝气池采用不同于传统反冲洗的方法去除生物膜中富集的磷,使生物膜反应器在长期连续运行条件下保持良好的吸磷能力,从而延长其运行周期,减少其反冲洗频率.前置厌氧滤池对生活污水的预酸化处理,可以有效提高污水中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度.     

低温低溶解氧EBPR系统的启动、稳定运行及工艺失效问题研究

试验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)SBR反应器,在温度为13~16℃的条件下启动并运行EBPR系统.研究表明,进水磷浓度20 mg·L-1,控制DO浓度为2 mg·L-1,低温条件下即可在短期内(6 d)实现EBPR系统的成功启动并获得高效稳定的除磷性能,出水磷浓度低于0.5 mg·L-1.降低DO浓度会影响EBPR系统的稳定运行效果,反应器好氧阶段DO浓度由2mg·L-1降为1 mg·L-1,系统仍可以稳定运行,磷的去除率均大于97.4%,但厌氧释磷量略有下降;DO浓度进一步降至0.5mg·L-1时,EBPR系统除磷性能迅速恶化且出水磷浓度超标.通过提高溶解氧浓度以恢复EBPR除磷性能的试验发现,低DO导致的系统失效在短期内不可逆.研究还发现,以NO-2及NO-3为电子受体的缺氧除磷小试对EBPR系统的稳定运行具有冲击作用,但由此产生的不利影响可在6个周期内得以恢复;此外,长期低温运行的EBPR系统内MLSS基本保持恒定且SVI略有降低,说明低温低DO条件有利于系统内污泥的沉降.     

硝酸盐电子受体反硝化同时除磷试验分析

经研究发现AAA SBR系统中的活性污泥可以利用硝酸盐作为电子受体进行缺氧吸磷并同时发生反硝化脱氮。试验利用“双泥”系统进一步探讨了污水生物反硝化同时除磷的可能性,结果表明 :“双泥”系统的“双重”吸磷以及内碳源反硝化除磷方式可以使生物处理出水磷酸盐浓度趋近于零,TP≤ 0 2 3mg L、NH3 N≤ 0 5mg L、TN≤ 8mg L、CODCr≤2 5mg L。     

不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统的COD需求

本试验采用SBR反应器,接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段改变进水中总磷(TP)和COD浓度,研究了不同磷浓度条件下COD负荷对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,得出不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好性能所需最低COD浓度.结果表明,进水TP浓度为10 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统维持良好性能所需最低COD浓度为175 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为1 020μm和36 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量(以MLSS计)分别为78 mg·g~(-1)和39 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.进水TP浓度为6 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统良好除磷性能所需最低COD浓度为150 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.3 mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为960μm和35 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量分别为75 mg·g~(-1)和35 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.整个运行过程中,COD去除率在83%以上,出水COD浓度在25mg·L-1以下.在不同磷浓度条件下,随着进水COD浓度降低,微生物分泌PN和PS含量均减少,PN/PS增大,颗粒粒径减小,SVI增加,颗粒的结构和性能恶化.     

间歇曝气生物滤池生物除磷性能研究

通过间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式使生物膜系统交替处于厌氧/好氧状态,据此研究了不同进水挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)质量浓度、运行周期以及反冲洗条件下生物滤池的生物除磷性能.实验中以模拟生活污水为处理对象,滤池水力停留时间为1.3 h,进水流速为5 L.h-1,气水比为8∶1,进水平均COD负荷、氨氮负荷和磷酸盐负荷分别为4.7、0.41和0.095 g.(L.d)-1.结果表明,在一个运行周期内生物滤池能有效实现释磷和吸磷;当进水VFAs质量浓度(以COD计)为100 mg.L-1、运行周期为6 h时,生物滤池除磷性能最佳,曝气阶段滤池出水磷去除负荷可达0.059 g.(L.d)-1,同时COD和氨氮的去除负荷分别为3.8 g.(L.d)-1和0.28 g.(L.d)-1,出水平均磷、COD和氨氮质量浓度为1.8、43.6、8.7mg.L-1,滤池中存在一定程度的氮流失;中止反冲洗使生物滤池除磷性能迅速下降,2 d后滤池除磷效率低于40%,随即恢复反冲洗使滤池除磷效果出现短暂增强,再经2 d反冲洗后除磷效率又回到原有水平.可见,在间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式下生物滤池成功实现了生物除磷并具有较好的磷负荷去除效果,充足而稳定的进水VFAs质量浓度、适当的运行周期以及较高频率的反冲洗有利于滤池的生物除磷性能.     

温度对城市污水厌氧生物滤池运行效果与菌群结构的影响

城市污水厌氧产甲烷是城市污水资源化利用途径之一,但低有机物浓度和低温条件影响和限制该工艺在城市污水处理方面的应用.为此,在中试反应器中对厌氧生物滤池处理实际城市污水的启动方式、不同温度条件下系统运行效果和菌群结构的变化进行了研究.结果表明,采用间歇运行和连续运行相结合的挂膜方式,可实现工艺的快速启动,出水SCOD浓度稳定在60mg·L~(-1). 14℃以上厌氧生物滤池运行较稳定,水解酸化菌和产甲烷菌代谢趋于平衡,出水SCOD和TCOD浓度稳定在69mg·L~(-1)和90mg·L~(-1). 10℃低温条件下,水解菌群相对丰度下降,系统TCOD去除效果下降;而消化链球菌科(Peptostreptococcaceae)产酸菌相对丰度增加至32.79%,导致系统出水VFA浓度从2mg·L~(-1)升高至12mg·L~(-1);产甲烷菌群数量略有降低,产甲烷能力变化较小,出水SCOD较为稳定.厌氧生物滤池生物膜菌群结构复杂,菌群丰富度和多样性随温度的降低而下降.同时,启动和温度降低过程中,产甲烷菌群结构发生变化,乙酸型产甲烷菌群丰度逐渐升高,成为产甲烷优势菌群.因此,城市污水厌氧生物滤池启动快,能够抵抗温度持续降低的影响,同时,运行9个月不需反冲洗,不存在易堵塞需频繁反冲洗的问题,可更充分地发挥生物滤池的生物接触氧化和过滤截留的作用.     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理果汁废水的研究

采用水解酸化-SBR工艺，对浓缩果汁生产废水处理进行了试验研究，结果表明：当进水COD浓度为3500～5000mg／L，pH为6．5～7．5，在水解酸化池水力停留时间为8h，SBR反应池MLSS浓度3500～4000mg／L，进水15min，曝气7h，沉淀1h，出水15min的条件下，出水COD去除率保持在97％以E，SS去除率达93％以上。且以水解酸化作为预处理单元可去除果汁废水中的SS达78％以上，为后续SBR工艺的稳定运行创造有利条件，提高组合工艺的整体效果。     

废纸浆造纸废水处理工程实践

针对造纸废水中CODCr,SS等浓度较高的特征，以某年产5万t包装纸厂为例，采用水解酸化-CASS-气浮联合工艺处理某废纸纸浆造瓦楞纸项目废水，一年多的运行结果表明：整个废水处理系统的CODCr去除率大于97％，出水中CODCr，BOD5和SS质量浓度分别为60-80mg／L，10-20mg／L和60-80mg／L。整个废水系统投资和运行费用低，投资规模在0.05-0．06万元／（m^3·d），运行费用≤0．6元／m^3。     

Zn2+对SBR单级好氧模式生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸盐为单一外加碳源,通过比较进水中不同Zn2+浓度(0,1,5,10,20mg/L)下单级好氧模式下序批式反应器(SBR)的除磷效果,考察进水Zn2+浓度对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响,并通过分析各反应器中典型周期内磷及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响机理.当进水Zn2+浓度为0和1mg/L时,除磷率分别高达96.84%和97.90%.当进水Zn2+浓度为5,10,20mg/L时,系统除磷率分别为89.32%,76.43%和57.29%,说明较高浓度Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷有抑制作用.结果表明,较高浓度Zn2+可抑制COD的降解,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯好氧合成及磷酸盐激酶活性,并促进GAOs的代谢,使聚磷合成和水解量减少,从而降低系统的除磷性能.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.