青岛地区大气沉降物中化学成分研究

用原子吸收和分光光度法测定了青岛大气干、湿沉降物中Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的含量及雨水中的阴离子ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＯ２＾－、ＰＯ４＾３－、ＳｉＯ３＾２－等含量和ＰＨ。分析表明，雨水中溶解态的金属元素和阴离子的浓度与降雨量反相关，其中金属元素浓度高于偏远沿海地区雨水中金属元素的浓度，而低于内陆雨水。近岸地区雨水中Ｋ／Ｃｌ、Ｎａ／Ｃｌ、Ｃａ／Ｃｌ、Ｍｇ／Ｃｌ比相近，均高于大洋水的相应比     

高含硫味精废水处理的研究

采用吹脱－混凝－厌氧消化－两段ＳＢＲ－絮凝沉淀工艺处理味精废水，试验结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤ为２２３５１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＯ＾２－４５１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ７５７１ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度（倍）３９０６和ＰＨ１．３时，出水ＣＯＤ９９ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＳＯ＾２－４９５ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ３－Ｎｌｍｇ／Ｌ色度１６和ＰＨ６．５，其水质均达到ＧＢ８９７８－１９９６规定的一级排放标准。     

酸解——氧化絮凝处理二甲基二硫合成废水

酸解一氧化絮凝法处理二基二硫合成废水这一新工艺，能够脱除不可生化有机废水中高浓度的ＣＯＤ和Ｓ＾－２。本工艺较佳运行条件是：酸解一级处理，ＰＨ值１．５以下，反应时间为１．０－２．０ｈ；反应温度１００－１２０℃，二级氧化絮凝处理；ＰＨ值在１０－１２之间；反应时间２．０－３．０ｈ，在此条件下，当进水ＣＯＤ浓度为１１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｓ＾＋２４００００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下时，出水完全可以达到国家规定的排放标准。ＣＯ     

海水烟气脱硫技术

采用海水对电厂烟气进行脱硫试验，试验结果表明，在进气ＳＯ２浓度为３４２９～５７１４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，在装有一块塔板的筛板塔中，液气比为２５Ｌ／ｍ＾３时，脱硫率可达８０％以上，吸收ＳＯ２后的吸收液经３０ｍｉｎ的空气曝气，ＳＯ＾２－３转化为ＳＯ＾２－４的氧化率可达到１００％，经氧化后的中吸收液用未吸收的ＳＯ２的海水以１：１中和后，ＰＨ值可达到７左右，仍可排放海中。     

硫酸盐和氯离子对厌氧生理过程抑制作用的研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器，以酒槽废水为基质，在厌氧体系中投加不同的浓度的ＳＯ＾２－３，和Ｃｌ＾－，研究盐离子日加入量和累积量与厌氧体系抑制程度的关系，得出维持厌氧体系正常运行把允许的日加入量（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于３１９５ｍｇ／Ｌ）和累积浓度（ＳＯ＾２－４，低于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｌ＾－低于２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ），研究了污泥对ＳＯ＾２－４，和Ｃｌ＾－的负荷，在ＳＯ＾２－４／ＶＳ浓度     

旋流板塔在碱性黑液烟气脱硫中的应用

本文研究了用模拟燃煤烟气处理造纸黑液的工艺，着重设计并改进了旋流板塔作为酸析吸收塔，确定了其最佳工作条件。结果表明，常温常压下，四级吸收采用液气比Ｌ＝３．０－３．０Ｌ／ｍ＾３时，黑液ＣＯＤ去除率可达６０．０％，ＳＯ２去除率在８８．０％－９９．９％。     

离子色谱法测定酸雨中6种阴离子

离子色谱法测定酸雨中６种阴离子，以流速为１．５１ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，０．２４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｎａ２ＣＯ３和０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＨＣＯ３的混和液为淋洗液，在ＹＳＡ８型８００１Ａ－４阴离子交换柱上分离，ＹＳ－１抑制器，ＹＩＣ－８型离子色谱仪电导检测器检测，方法的线性范围均为１００倍，可达２００倍以上，以ＣＩ＾－为例，最小检出限为０．００１，重现性ＣＶ％为０．７６，空白检测偏差Ｓｗｂ＝０．００６８１，回收率为９     

地下水中硒存在形态的分析方法

本文采用含高浓度Ｍｇ＾２＋和ＳＯ４＾２－的三种地下水样，在ＰＨ〈５条件下，地下水样中的ＳｅＯ３＾２－和ＳｅＯ４＾２－选择性地吸附于ＣｕＯ颗粒物上，然后在ＰＨ＝１２．５时解吸。接着用ＨＧＡＡＳ和ＩＣ法分别测出ＳｅＯ３＾２－，ＳｅＯ４＾２－浓度。并对二阶阳离子影响水中ＳｅＯ４＾２－的测定作了估算。     

飞灰浆液脱硫特性的初步研究

对飞灰中铁等离子的浸出特性进行了正交试验,ＰＨ对其浸出量大小有显著影响,在试验ＰＨ下降Ｆｅ＾３＋的浓度可达到３０ｍｇ／Ｌ。Ｆｅ＾３＋溶液和飞灰浸出液的脱硫试验表明,Ｆｅ＾３＋的脱硫反应符合过渡态催化氧机理,对ＳＯ２吸附量的最佳增强作用出现在ＰＨ＝２－３。     

单柱离子色谱法测定水中微量阴离子及其在测定水中吸附有机氯…

本文介绍用一般高效液相色谱仪，不用抑制柱：分析柱为ＩＣ－ＰＡＫ阴离子交换柱，用电导检测器检测，测定水中Ｃｌ＾－，ＮＯ２＾－，Ｂｒ＾－，ＮＯ３＾－，ＳＯ４＾－离子。试验了淋洗液不同浓度和ＰＨ对阴离子分离的影响，并与另一组淋洗液比较各阴离子的最低检测浓度，及测定自来水中阴离子含量。检测限在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ－０．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ间。用邻苯二甲酸氢钾淋洗液测定的变异系数＜５．１０％。单柱离子色谱法用于水中吸附有     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.