粉煤灰对印染废水的吸附处理研究

研究了粉煤灰对印染废水吸附脱色处理效果,确定了最佳脱色条件和穿透曲线的特征,并探讨了其对印染废水CODcr的去除率。结果表明：对色度都为700倍、CODcr分别为664.2 mg/L、947.1 mg/L的红、蓝色印染废水,粉煤灰处理的最佳用量分别为18 g和16 g,最佳吸附接触时间分别为2.0 h和2.5 h,最佳pH5－7,穿透体积分别为115 mL和120 mL,脱色率均可达到95（以上;CODcr的去除率分别为81.5%和41.1%。     

铁炭微电解法在印染废水处理中的研究

采用铁炭微电解法对印染废水进行顸处理,对影响铁炭微电解效率及LCOD、色度去除率的各种因素进行了研究。结果表明：铁炭微电解法预处理印染废水的最佳初始pH值为3,最佳混凝pH值为7．5,最佳铁炭比为1：1．1,铁屑的最佳投加浓度为10．8g／L,适宜的反应时间为30min,COD去除率最高可达38．2％,色度的去除率大于95％;通过铁炭微电解预处理后的印染废水其可生化性明显提高,BOD／COD比由0．16提高到0．45,为后续的生物处理提供了有利的条件。     

UASB厌氧反应器预处理印染废水的中试研究

对厌氧上流式反应器(UASB)预处理难降解印染废水进行了中试研究。结果表明,厌氧上流式反应器稳定运行2个多月,在进水COD波动较大的情况下(最高1020.0mg/L,最低593.6mg/L,平均755.4mg/L),厌氧上流式反应器出水平均COD409.3mg/L,平均去除率为45.5%。厌氧上流式反应器对色度去除效果较佳,进水平均色度342倍,出水平均色度78倍,平均去除率为77.2%。印染废水B/C由0.29提高到0.46,提高了0.17,废水可生化性明显改善。     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理印染废水的研究

用水解酸化-SBR工艺处理印染废水的实验结果表明,出水COD平均为102mg/L,COD去除率平均为89.9%,色度去除率平均为70%.在实际工程中应用水解酸化(A)-好氧(O)-SBR工艺处理印染废水,出水COD平均为67mg/L,COD去除率平均为81.5%,色度去除率平均为66.7%.表明以水解酸化为预处理手段可有效提高印染废水的可生化性,提高整个工艺的COD去除率.     

利用粉煤灰处理造纸中段废水的实验研究

采用保定热电厂粉煤灰处理某小型造纸厂中段废水,考察了粉煤灰处理造纸中段废水的效果,结果表明废水pH值为12、灰水接触时间为2h、原水COD(浓度为1200mg/L)稀释3、水灰比15:1、粉煤灰粒径71～100μm,粉煤灰含碳量为15%时,造纸中段废水中COD的去除率可达到76.2%～89.7%.     

HCR技术在印染废水处理改造中的应用

通过对某印染公司原有设施的改造,把HCR技术应用在废水改造中。进水量为11000m3/d,COD2200～2500mg/L,pH12左右,色度600～800倍,改造后运行稳定,废水处理效果有大幅提高,出水COD为360mg/L、色度为300倍均能达标排放,其去除率分别为86%、50%。     

电化腐蚀－还原降解－混凝吸附法处理印染废水的研究

为了处理印染废水,介绍一种以铁屑、烟道灰或瓦斯灰为处理剂的新方法,探讨了处理机理,给出了适宜的处理条件和工艺流程。实验结果表明,当处理剂用量比在4：6左右,铁屑过滤和混凝吸附的pH值分别控制在4～5和8～9时,处理20min,经处理后的印染废水,COD去除率和脱色率均可达90％以上,出水COD全部低于100mg/L,水质清澈透明,各项水质指标均符合国家排放标准。该法适用于中小型纺织印染厂的废水治理。     

基于活性炭纤维处理印染废水方法优选

印染废水是当前工业废水处理的难点,污染物质主要来自各种染料、化学药剂等,具有污染浓度高、色度大、水质变化大等特点。分别用生物活性炭纤维法、活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,并对两种方法的处理效果进行比较。试验结果表明,活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,COD去除率为94.3%,色度值降至40倍,悬浮物浓度降至40 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至2.2 mg/L;生物活性炭纤维法处理印染废水,COD去除率为86.0%,色度值降至520倍,悬浮物浓度降至240 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至1.5 mg/L。活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法对废水COD、色度、悬浮物的处理效果优于生物活性炭纤维法。     

优势菌强化印染废水脱色及污染物降解研究

以曝气生物滤池为核心工艺研究优势菌强化印染废水脱色及污染物降解。从印染废水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到染料脱色菌15株、苯胺降解菌2株、印染助剂降解菌10株。试验进水平均色度为400倍,平均COD浓度为1295mg/L,厌氧段以组合填料为载体,水力停留时间10h,菌种投加量为0.2%;好氧段以煤渣填料为载体,水力停留时间25h,菌种投加量为0.1%。结果表明:系统连续进出水一周以后出水COD浓度稳定在130¹10mg/L,平均浓度为118 mg/L,去除率90.9%;出水色度在40倍左右,去除率90%;出水苯胺浓度低于4mg/L。     

BH1型混凝脱色剂处理针织印染废水的实验研究

采用新研制的BH1型混凝脱色剂对针织印染废水的脱色和COD去除效果进行了实验研究。结果表明,BH1型混凝脱色剂的最佳pH为8,最佳投药量为1．2ml／L,此时COD、色度去除率分别为64％、89％,与硫酸铝、硫酸亚铁等常规混凝剂相比,COD、色度的去除率均有明显提高,其中处理后出水的色度迭40倍以下,色度可满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）表4中的一级标准。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.