船用溢油回收系统发展现状及前景综述

总结了国内外船用溢油回收系统发展现状,比较分析了船用侧挂式和内置式溢油回收系统结构形式和性能参数。结果显示,船用溢油回收系统应主要采用动态斜面式、盘式、刷式和带式收油原理,撇油器收油原理和导油装置结构的不同,回收系统的结构形式和性能参数有所差别,荷兰VOS溢油回收系统的结构形式与动态斜面式收油原理相结合是未来船用侧挂式溢油回收系统的发展趋势,溢油回收系统内置于双体船中部和单体船舷两侧形式是船用内置式溢油回收系统的发展趋势。     

新型撇油器

为满足日益增长的油污染控制设备的需求,美国JBF公司的科学家研制成功两种新型撇油器。其中之一是高速撇油船,而另一是可以装在渔船和拖船上进行工作的撇油器。 最初研制的高速撇油船是将具有较高的运行速度的船同有效的油回收装置组合而成的。42英尺长船具有21节的航速,它可以在发生溢油时迅速赶到现场。     

海上溢油堰式回收技术的原理与改进

堰式回收技术在海上溢油污染治理中应用广泛。应用堰过流理论对堰式撇油器中回收堰的过流性能进行分析,确定薄壁回收堰发生过流不稳而导致回收效率变差的原因,提出应用曲线形实用堰代替薄壁堰以改进回收堰的过流稳定性和回收速度,并给出曲线形实用堰的设计方法,为堰式撇油器实现溢油的快速高效回收奠定了理论基础。     

油码头溢油防治设施工业试验

油码头溢油防治设施是由潮汐式围油栏及其桩位接口装置，浮油回收装置等组成；从完成的小试验和工业试验结果表明：该设施技术是可行的，能在浪高１ｍ，潮流１节，风速１５ｍ／ｓ，下进行浮油回收作业，分离器排水油含量可达８．５ｐｐｍ，它的工业试验是成功的，具有较大的推广价值。     

光明应用技术研究所溢油回收装备主要产品介绍

l固体浮于式围油栏分为CW系歹．固体浮子式PVC围油栏和GW系列固体污子式橡胶围油栏两种，主要技术数据见表1表2。2充气式围油栏有QW系列充气式（橡胶）围油栏和QQW系列轻型充气式围油栏二类产品。3气充水式固油栏QSW750型围it栏的主要技术数据见表5。4FWop防火围油栏主要技术数据见表民SSS系列绳式收油机主要技术数据见表7。6ZS系列转盘式收油机主要技术数据参见表8。7板轮式收油机特别适用于稠油的回收，可用于大规模的溢油场合。9收油网可回收寒冷水域或高粘度的巧克力状浮油，有两种形式：一种为双船拖带型，一种为单船单臂拖带…     

面式大规模溢油回收技术研究

介绍了一种大规模溢油的回收技术.该技术采用了新的面式溢油回收理念,通过对围油栏的操作实现了水面油膜的围控和加厚,并改进了堰式撇油器以实现溢油的快速高效回收.该技术可作为大型溢油事故应急反应的有效措施.     

电磁流体海面浮油回收分离技术的研究

详细介绍了电磁流体海面浮油回收分离技术的运行过程和特点;阐述了电磁流体海面浮油回收分离过程中电磁场作用下的水、气、油多相介质的流动特性和系统性能特征及其影响因素;重点介绍了油污水处理量1 000 L/h的电磁流体海面浮油回收分离装置实验室样机的研制和水槽油污水回收分离试验。试验结果表明:油层厚度在3 mm~4 mm时,工作电流密度2 300 A/m2,油污海水处理量1 100 L/h,平均收油量(32~56)L/h;油膜厚度小于1 mm、甚至是微米级油膜,回收分离效果明显;回收油含水率小于5%,处理后的海水达到国标第四类海水水质无明显油膜的标准。     

海上溢油回收装置的应用和发展

分析和评价了撇油器等主要回收装置在实际操作中的性能、效率和制约因素 ,对将来海上溢油回收装置的发展进行了探讨。     

海面溢油扩展和弥散的规律及其抑制和回收的技术

本文对海面溢油扩展和弥散规律作了分析和介绍，对围油栏特性和回收装置设计作了讨论．文中对围油栏设计和海面溢油回收装置设计提出两项改进设想和建议，可与有关部门共同开展进一步研究     

高粘度和固状溢油回收技术的研究和进展

本文较系统地总结了现有各种高粘度溢油回收装置的工作原理及其使用方法和回收效果，并对各种回收装置的优缺点做了简要评论。可以认为，机械式回收装置虽然自动化程度较高，但其结构复杂，售价昂贵，限制了推广使用．相比之下，拖网回收装置是一种简便、经济、节能，又很有实效的回收设备．文中较详细地计论了研制拖网系统必然会遇到的漏油率问题，并介绍一些如何解决漏油问题的研究成果，包括估算漏油率的经验公式．     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.