氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存对氯苯生物降解影响

通过分析贡献因子的方法,对氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存时对氯苯生物降解性能的影响及作用机制进行了研究。结果表明：邻二氯苯、间二氯苯的共存有利于整个体系的降解,但氯苯的耗氧速率有所降低,竞争和共代谢作用是它们的作用机制;对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯的共存会抑制整个体系及氯苯的降解,抑制作用是它们的作用机制。     

氯代芳香化合物生物降解性能研究

本文研究了8种氯代芳香化合物的生物降解性能机理，试验结果表明：污水处理厂年取的未驯化污泥对所选氯代芳香化合物表现出抑制作用，氯苯，邻二氯苯，间二氯苯驯化污泥，除对二氯苯外，其驯化产生微生物均能有效降解或诱导降解所选基质，但对二氯苯仍难于降解，对二氯苯驯化的污泥可有效降解所选全部有机物，且其降解速率常数相应大于其他污泥的耗氧速率常数，在这几种驯化污泥中，对二氯苯驯化污泥对所选氯代芳香化合物的生物降解性能最好。     

氯苯驯化活性污泥对同类有机物的好氧降解性比较研究

利用测定微生物呼吸耗氧量的方法,对氯苯类中的５种优先污染物：氯苯,邻,间,对－二氯苯１,２,４－三氯苯,用接种活性污泥和经氯苯驯化的污泥地它们的生物降解性能进行了测试。实验结果表明,用未经驯化的污泥,５种氯苯皆存在的抑制作用,抑制作用的大小和抑制时间的长短氯代程度和浓度的影响,用氯苯将此污泥驯化后,该污染不仅表现出对苯具有降解能力,而且也表现出邻二氯苯,间二氯苯等同类有机物的共代谢降解能力,经分析     

氯苯类化合物的生物降解

经过2个月的驯化,从某染料厂和某毛纺厂活性污泥中分离出能够生长于1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯和六氯苯的4种微生物.通过测定该混合菌降解氯苯类化合物过程中的累积好氧量、微生物生长曲线及降解产物Cl^-的释放,证明在好氧条件下该混合菌能够以1,4二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯为唯一碳源和能源,降解产物Cl^-浓度的变化与微生物生长周期有关.通过好氧振荡瓶培养法测得3种氯苯的生物降解顺序为:1,4-二氯苯[356.7μg/(L·d)]>1,2,4-三氯苯[110.4μg/(L·d)]>六氯苯[～6μg/(L·d)],说明氯取代数越多,氯苯类化合物越难被好氧降解.     

易降解有机物对氯苯好氧生物降解性能影响

利用测定微生物呼吸耗氧量的方法,从生物氧化程度出发,对氯苯在单基质条件下的好氧生物降解性能及易降解有机物对受试物的生物降解性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明,受试物的生物氧化率与浓度无关,易降解有机物的存在有利于受试物的降解,生物氧化率的增加值随所投易降解BOD₅浓度的关系具有类似米－门公式的形式。     

几种氯代苯甲酸的生物可降解性及其动力学

2 ,4-二氯苯甲酸、4-氯苯甲酸、3-氯苯甲酸、2 -氯苯甲酸经过污泥的驯化作用可以达到降解 ,但是不同的接种污泥对相同的底物达到同样的降解效果所需的驯化时间不同 ,经 9d驯化的膜生物反应器中的污泥即具有经 2 8d驯化的一般活性污泥相当的降解活性 ,但 4种氯代苯甲酸的生物可降解性次序是一定的 :2 ,4-二氯苯甲酸 >4-氯苯甲酸 >3-氯苯甲酸 >2 -氯苯甲酸 ,不随污泥的驯化期及接种污泥而改变 .降解动力学研究表明 ,这 4种氯代苯甲酸在不同的污泥驯化期其降解动力学模式不同 ,在驯化初期底物的降解符合零级反应 ,在驯化后期符合一级反应 .     

氯代苯类有机物生物降解性能的研究

采用连续、完全混合活性污泥法,对重点污染物中六种氯代苯类有机物(氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、六氯苯)的生物降解性能进行了研究。试验表明,除六氯苯外,其它五种氯代苯均能被驯化后的微生物所降解。随着苯环上氯取代基的增加,氯代苯的生物降解速率降低。在2B天的连续试验中,六氯苯基本上不能被微生物所降解。     

1,2,4-三氯苯降解菌的分离及其降解质粒的研究

 以1,2,4-三氯苯为唯一碳源,从天津化工厂氯苯生产车间的土壤中分离到1株1,2,4-三氯苯的降解菌THSL-1.通过形态观察和16SrDNA序列测定,该菌株被初步鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonasstutzeri).经质粒检测,在菌株THSL-1中发现1条质粒条带,将所获得质粒转化到E.coli.JM109中,转化子能以1,2,4-三氯苯为唯一碳源生长,且对1,2,4-三氯苯有降解作用.因此,可以认为该质粒携带降解1,2,4-三氯苯的基因.选用HindIII、BamHI、XholI3种限制性内切酶分别对质粒pTHSL-1进行单酶切、双酶切,最终确定质粒平均大小为40.2kb.     

垃圾渗滤液的生物降解特性与动态模型实验研究

应用微生物耗氧速率测定法对不同来源不同季节垃圾渗滤液的生物降解特性进行了比较评估 ,并采用经过长期驯化的厌氧 好氧废水生物处理模型系统对被评估为难生物降解的一种渗滤液进行了动态模拟运行试验。研究结果表明 ,不同来源的污泥菌种及驯化前后均表现出不同的生化代谢活性。驯化污泥对 3种被测渗滤液的耗氧速率常数相差甚大 ,3种待测废水分别被评估为易生物降解、难生物降解及不能被受试微生物降解等类别。当厌氧 好氧模型生物反应器系统进水CODCr、NH+4 N浓度分别为 3 0 18 9mg L、45 2 4mg L时出水质量可达到GB16889 1997排放标准。CODCr及NH+4 N总去除率分别为 78 9%和 75 8%。     

低温条件下1,2,4-三氯苯降解菌的筛选及降解特性

在10 ℃的低温条件下, 从吉林石化化工厂排污管和长春第一汽车制造厂污水处理厂的混合污泥中驯化并分离出10株能以1,2,4-三氯苯（1,2,4-TCB）为唯一碳源的降解菌株, 通过筛选得到6株高效1,2,4-TCB降解菌株. 以6株菌的混合菌为研究对象, 考察其对1,2,4-TCB的降解特性. 结果表明, 混合菌在以葡萄糖为辅助碳源, 硫脲为氮源, pH为7.0, 盐度为2.0%, 溶液体积100 mL的条件下对1,2,4-TCB的降解效果最佳, 且添加辅助碳源对1,2,4-TCB的降解有一定的促进作用. 根据菌种的生理生化特征对降解菌进行初步鉴定, 结果表明,6株菌分别属于弧菌属（Vibrio sp.）, 奈瑟氏球菌属（Neisseria sp.）, 螺菌属（Spirillum sp.）, 无色细菌属（Achromobacter sp.）, 醋酸单胞菌属（Acetobacter sp.）和节细菌属（Archrobacter sp.）.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.