施用磷肥对南方酸性红壤镉生物有效性及土壤酶活性影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了普钙和钙镁磷肥对油菜生物量和Cd含量、土壤p H值和Cd有效态含量以及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,施加普钙和钙镁磷肥后,油菜生物量分别比对照处理增加41.8%—60.5%和90.2%—171.6%,油菜地上部Cd含量分别降低达54.3%—86.7%和74.4%—79.6%,其中当普钙和钙镁磷肥施加量为中高剂量时,油菜地上部Cd含量降低至0.18 mg·kg-1和0.10 mg·kg-1,符合国家食品安全标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)规定的叶菜蔬菜中Cd的最大限量值.施加普钙和钙镁磷肥均降低了土壤中Cd有效态,与对照相比,土壤中HCl提取态Cd含量分别降低0.9%—21.2%和33.8%—43.9%,CMP处理下TCLP(Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure,TCLP)提取态Cd含量降低33.0%—43.0%.施加高剂量普钙和中剂量钙镁磷肥时,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比分别增加了202.5%和52.6%,施加不同剂量的普钙均显著降低土壤脲酶活性,降低率达28.2%—65.9%,而添加普钙和钙镁磷肥对蔗糖酶活性均无显著性影响.土壤p H与油菜生物量以及土壤脲酶成极显著正相关关系,与TCLP-Cd成显著负相关关系.油菜生物量与土壤有效态Cd含量和油菜体内Cd含量存在负相关关系,其中与HCl提取态Cd及地上部Cd含量存在显著负相关关系.     

田间条件下不同组配钝化剂对玉米(Zea mays)吸收Cd、As和Pb影响研究

选取4种钝化材料(硅藻土、生物炭、沸石粉和石灰)开展田间试验,研究不同配施处理对玉米(Zea mays)籽粒吸收Cd、As和Pb与土壤有效态Cd、As和Pb的影响,以期筛选出钝化修复效果最佳的组配钝化剂。结果表明,(1)施用钝化剂均能有效促进玉米生长,增加植株株高、叶面积、玉米地上部与地下部质量,显著提高玉米产量。(2)不同处理均能明显降低土壤Cd、As和Pb有效态含量。其中,BLD处理对土壤有效态Cd降低效果最明显,YR+BLZ处理次之,与对照相比,土壤有效态Cd分别降低71.00%和67.85%;BDZ处理对土壤有效态As含量降低效果最明显,其次为BLD处理,较对照分别降低65.63%和59.73%;YR+BLD处理对土壤有效态Pb含量降低效果最好,BDZ处理次之,有效态Pb含量较对照分别降低70.64%和69.64%。(3)不同处理对玉米籽粒吸收和积累Cd、As和Pb产生不同程度的影响。与对照相比,不同处理导致玉米籽粒Cd含量降低82.63%~89.17%,As含量降低27.58%~49.47%和Pb含量降低9.64%~46.86%。(4)施用钝化剂均能显著提高土壤p H值,其中BLD、YR+BLD、JD+BLD处理的p H值升高效果最为明显,较对照分别提高1.05、1.04和1.04个单位;施用钝化剂能显著提高土壤有机质含量,YR+BDZ和YR+BLD处理有机质含量较高,较对照分别提高54.68%和46.04%,本试验结果表明,在钝化修复镉砷复合污染的旱地土壤时,低累积玉米品种与组配钝化剂联合使用能够获得较好的修复效果。     

钝化剂与有机肥配施对土壤有效态重金属及其在生菜中累积的影响

为降低农业土壤重金属污染风险,减少农产品重金属富集,通过温室盆栽生菜试验,开展生物质炭、磷矿粉、碳酸钙和凹凸棒4种钝化剂与有机肥配施对Cu、Cd污染土壤有效态重金属及生菜累积重金属影响的研究。结果表明:(1)尽管钝化剂能降低土壤有效态重金属含量,但由于有机肥的活化作用,钝化剂与有机肥配施处理时土壤有效态重金属含量与对照相比仍有所提高;(2)与对照相比,不同配施处理均能降低生菜地上部Cu和Cd含量,单施有机肥处理生菜地上部Cu和Cd含量分别降低13%和27%,4种钝化剂与有机肥配施处理则分别降低4%～28%和2%～35%,碳酸钙与有机肥配施处理下降效果最佳;(3)相关性分析表明单施有机肥以及钝化剂与有机肥配施处理能抑制植物对Cu和Cd的吸收转运,使生菜地上部对Cu和Cd的累积降低。     

生物炭和熟石灰对土壤镉铅生物有效性和微生物活性的影响

以南京近郊某蔬菜基地土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究熟石灰和生物炭两种钝化剂对镉铅复合污染土壤修复效果以及对土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明,施加熟石灰和生物炭能够增加土壤pH和有机碳等养分含量,促进Cd、Pb由酸溶态向还原态和残渣态转化,降低Cd、Pb有效态含量.与对照处理相比,熟石灰和生物炭5.0%用量下,Cd有效态含量(DTPA、TCLP和CaCl_2等3种提取态)分别下降37.74%—41.46%和22.22%—31.71%,Pb有效态含量分别下降45.59%—52.82%和35.47%—41.94%.生物炭的施用提高了土壤微生物量碳氮和微生物群落功能多样性,促进微生物对碳源的利用能力,其中生物炭5.0%用量下土壤微生物活性最高.熟石灰和生物炭的添加显著降低小白菜可食部位和根部对Cd、Pb的富集,与对照处理相比,可食部位Cd、Pb含量分别下降7.14%—47.62%和45.93%—74.82%,但所有添加钝化剂处理小白菜可食部位含量均超出国家安全食用标准.     

改良剂对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响

采用室内模拟培养修复方法研究海泡石、骨炭、油菜秸秆和生石灰对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响,结果表明,酸性土壤中添加这4种改良剂均显著性地提高土壤的pH.添加油菜秸秆和生石灰处理可显著地降低土壤酸可提取态Zn含量,培养2个月后,土壤酸可提取态Zn含量分别比对照降低17.4%和34.6%.4种改良剂中,除了海泡石外,油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰处理均可以显著地降低土壤中酸可提取态Pb含量.添加油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰可使土壤可交换态Pb比对照分别降低87.1%、82.6%和25.6%(培养1个月),93.7%、73.3%和39.0%(培养2个月).油菜秸秆和骨炭是具有修复Pb污染土壤的潜力材料.     

绿洲土壤Cd-Ni复合污染对油菜生长及吸收的影响

以干旱区绿洲灰漠土为供试土壤,油菜(Brassica campestris L.)为供试蔬菜,采用盆栽试验及Tessier连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了Cd-Ni复合污染在干旱区绿洲土壤中的形态分布规律及其对油菜的生物有效性.结果表明,当土壤受外源Cd-Ni复合污染后,Cd、Ni的活性随着胁迫浓度的增加而增大.与对照相较,外源Cd-Ni复合胁迫后,Cd的主要赋存形态仍为碳酸盐结合态,而Ni的主要赋存形态由残渣态转化为铁锰氧化物结合态.Cd-Ni复合胁迫对油菜的生长表现为先促后抑;油菜各部位的Cd、Ni含量均随着Cd-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高而增加,Cd主要富集在油菜茎叶中,而Ni则主要富集在油菜根部.富集系数结果表明,油菜各部位Cd的富集系数均大于1,而Ni的富集系数均小于1;迁移系数结果表明,Cd的迁移系数大于Ni,Cd更易从土壤中进入油菜根部,并转运至茎叶,Ni的生物可利用性低于Cd.对油菜吸收Cd最重要的形态为碳酸盐结合态,根系和茎叶吸收Ni最重要的形态分别为有机结合态和可交换态.     

石灰、硅钙镁改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响

为研究改良剂(石灰、硅钙镁肥)对典型稻田土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响,选取河沙泥(潮土母质发育)和紫泥田(紫色砂页岩母质发育)模拟制备成中度Cd污染土壤,施加不同用量的石灰和硅钙镁肥,进行水稻盆栽试验,分析土壤pH、土壤Cd形态以及水稻各部位Cd含量变化,探讨不同改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响.结果表明,施用石灰和硅钙镁肥能显著提高河沙泥土壤pH值,分别提高0.62—0.79个单位、0.35—0.46个单位,但对紫泥田pH值无显著影响.向河沙泥中施用石灰能降低其土壤酸提取态Cd含量,且在S3.0处理时降幅最大;而紫泥田施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低其酸提取态Cd.施用石灰和硅钙镁均能降低河沙泥水稻糙米Cd含量,分别降低23.5%—35.9%、9.5%—21.9%,且随着施用量的提高,糙米Cd含量降低幅度逐渐增大;施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低紫泥田糙米Cd含量,下降幅度为23.5%—34.1%.同种改良剂对水稻Cd吸收累积的影响因土壤类型不同而存在差异,向河沙泥中施用石灰和紫泥田中施用硅钙镁能最大程度抑制水稻对Cd的吸收累积,降低糙米Cd含量,提高稻米品质.     

生物炭与腐殖酸复配对油菜（Brassica campestris L.）生长与镉累积的影响

以油菜(Brassica campestris L.)为供试原料,对油菜废弃物生物炭进行制备与表征,通过盆栽实验,探究不同比例生物炭和腐殖酸的复配对土壤理化性质,油菜中Cd总量与根系土壤有效态Cd含量的影响。结果表明,生物炭和腐殖酸能够提高土壤养分的有效性,两者表面富含的官能团和致密的孔隙结构有利于土壤Cd的吸附,并显著提高土壤pH值,促进土壤重金属Cd的钝化作用。生物炭和腐殖酸复配在一定的比例范围内可提高油菜的生物量,但是生物炭及腐殖酸单独施用量超过1%,则对油菜的生长产生抑制。随着生物炭比例(生物炭在土壤中所占比例始终小于1%)的增加,油菜地上部分和地下部分生物量分别提高47.55%—60.33%和10.21%—87.59%,而2%生物炭和1%腐殖酸处理组,1%生物炭和2%腐殖酸处理组,1%生物炭和3%腐殖酸处理组分别降低了1.46%—88.65%和6.67%—64.23%。1%生物炭处理组和1%腐殖酸处理组的土壤有效态Cd分别降低28.76%和22.06%。同时不同比例生物炭和腐殖酸的复配显著降低油菜中Cd的累积量,降低地上部分和地下部分Cd的含量幅度分别为30.76%—90.79%和29.88%—92.46%。进一步研究表明,钝化处理的盆栽土壤有效态Cd含量均显著降低,降幅可达22.06%—47.90%。利用油菜废弃物制备生物炭复配腐殖酸极大程度提升高了盆栽土壤的质量同时利于土壤中重金属的稳定化,为中国北方碱性土壤重金属Cd超标农田的修复提供参考。     

两种螯合剂施用对污染土壤中叶用叶叶叶Cd富集的影响

为探讨螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸(CA)对土壤重金属Cd的有效态以及叶用红菾菜(Beta vulgaris var.cicla L)富集Cd能力的影响.结果表明:EDTA的添加比柠檬酸更显著增加了土壤重金属镉的有效态含量,同时提高了叶用红菾菜茎叶的富集系数和转运能力;施用螯合剂促进了Cd从叶用红菾菜茎叶根部向茎叶的输送,叶用红菾菜茎叶含Cd量显著增加,EDTA的作用是柠檬酸的2～3倍.     

不同镉污染消减措施对水稻-土壤镉累积的影响

研究稻草还田/离田、清洁水灌溉与沉降截源等途径对水稻-土壤系统镉(Cd)累积的影响,对指导南方稻田土壤Cd污染治理、农业生产及粮食安全具有重要意义。采用田间微区试验,针对稻田Cd污染的主要输入和输出途径,设置稻草离田(T1)、清洁水灌溉+稻草离田(T2)、沉降截源+稻草离田(T3)3个Cd污染消减措施处理,并以稻草还田(CK)为对照,探究不同生育期的土壤和水稻各部位中Cd的分布与累积。结果表明,早稻和晚稻CK处理稻谷生物量分别为4 770kg·hm-2和3 912 kg·hm~(-2),与CK处理相比,3种消减措施处理早稻和晚稻稻谷生物量均有所下降,T1处理分别下降了1.6%和2.8%,T2处理降低了17.8%和6.5%,T3处理降低了10.5%与37.6%;不同生育期水稻籽粒、茎叶和根中Cd含量相对CK处理均有不同程度降低;T1～T3处理糙米Cd累积量较CK处理下降了19.7%～55.2%,茎叶中Cd累积量较CK处理下降了11.8%～37.1%,根系中Cd累积量较于CK处理下降了3.4%～52.0%,处理间均达到显著水平(P0.05);成熟期不同处理间土壤pH值在4.44～5.21之间,不同消减措施处理土壤有效态Cd含量较CK处理早稻分别降低6.4%、5.4%和6.6%,晚稻分别下降6.4%、12.3%与8.3%,均无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此说明3种Cd污染消减措施通过控制水稻-土壤系统Cd源输入和稻草Cd返还途径,使得水稻植株各部位Cd累积量、稻田土壤有效态Cd含量均呈现降低趋势,有利于南方稻田Cd污染防控和水稻安全生产。     

生物炭施用对矿区污染农田土壤上油菜生长和重金属富集的影响

矿山的生产活动往往会造成周边农田的污染,而利用生物炭技术治理矿区周边污染农田土壤具有重要的现实意义。生物炭是指生物质在无氧或限氧条件下热裂解制备而成的一种细粒度、多孔性的环境友好型材料,其在调控温室气体排放,改良土壤性状,促进植物生长和控制环境污染物迁移转化方面应用潜力巨大。采用室内盆栽模拟实验,研究了不同水稻秸秆生物炭施用量（0、1%、5%）对郴州和龙岩地区矿山周边重金属污染的农田土壤的生化性状、油菜（Brassia campestris L.）产量、重金属累积和富集系数等的影响,为生物炭作为环境功能材料应用于矿山污染农田治理提供科学依据。结果表明：与对照相比,施加1%和5%生物炭均能提高土壤pH值和有机质质量分数,提升幅度随施用量的增加而升高,其中偏酸性的龙岩土壤的变化幅度更大;生物炭施用会影响土壤酶活性,5%生物炭处理下两种受试土壤中脲酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著提高,但酸性磷酸酶活性降低;龙岩土壤上的油菜产量在1%和5%生物炭施用处理下均显著提高,而郴州土壤上的油菜产量在1%生物炭处理下无显著变化,而在5%生物炭处理下降低了42.9%;生物炭施用影响了两种土壤上油菜可食部分重金属Cd、As和Pb的质量分数,但没有一致的规律;与对照相比,生物炭施用后郴州和龙岩土壤上油菜可食部分中Cd质量分数均出现下降趋势,但是仅5%生物炭处理的龙岩土壤具显著性差异;1%和5%生物炭施用处理使两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分Pb质量分数较对照处理显著降低（P〈0.05）,但降幅不同,郴州土壤降低了23.6%和22.0%,而偏酸性的龙岩土壤降低了82.1%和94.5%;生物炭施用后两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分As质量分数的变化不同,郴州土壤添加生物炭后油菜As质量分数呈上升趋势,且增量随生物炭施用量增加而升高,龙岩土壤则相反,1     

Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil

Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “in situ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd·kg^-1 soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.     

不同比例钙锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上两种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钙锌对小油菜(Brassica Campetris,Lvar Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉、钙、锌质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钙、锌以不同比例共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显的影响;随着锌用量增加,土壤溶液中锌的质量浓度明显增加,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高.小油菜体内镉含量明显降低;高镉污染赤红壤上,钙锌共存中钙用量增加,土壤溶液中钙的质量浓度明显增加.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钙、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低34.2%和27.3%(两季平均值);而土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加307%和120%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.钙、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.     

Uptake of zinc, cadmium and phosphorus by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) from a low available phosphorus calcareous soil spiked with zinc and cadmium

In a multifactorial pot experiment, maize (Zea mays L.) with or without inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae BEG167 was grown in a sterilized soil spiked with three levels of zinc (0, 300 and 900 mg Zn kg⁻¹ soil) and three levels of cadmium (0, 25 and 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil). At harvest after 8 weeks of growth, the proportion of root length of inoculated plants colonized decreased with increasing Zn or Cd additon, and was 56% in the absence of both metals and was reduced significantly to 27% in the presence of the higher levels of both metals. Mycorrhizal plants had higher biomass than non-mycorrhizal controls except at the highest soil level of Cd. Cadmium had more pronounced effects on plant biomass than did Zn at the levels studied and the two metals showed a significant interaction. The data suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant growth with enchancement of P nutrition, perhaps increasing plant tolerance to Zn and Cd by a dilution effect. AM inoculation also led to higher soil solution pH after harvest, possibly reducing the availability of the metals for plant uptake, and lowered the concentrations of soluble Zn and Cd in the soil solution, perhaps by adsorption onto the extrametrical mycelium.     

土壤中三种盐对油菜富集镉的影响

为了利用被镉污染的盐土,通过实验分析镉污染盐土中三种盐对油菜（Brassica napus）富集镉影响的差异性,探明不同类型镉污染盐土上种植油菜的植物修复效果。以镉超累积植物油菜为研究植物,通过温室盆栽土培试验,将油菜在含有不同质量分数盐（wS：0 g·kg^-1,2 g·kg^-1,4 g·kg^-1,6 g·kg^-1）的含镉（wCd：10 mg·kg^-1）土壤中培养60天,研究油菜对镉的生物富集因子、植株内地上部分和根部镉的质量分数变化。选择土壤中三种主要盐的类型,即氯化钠、硫酸钠和碳酸钠作为分析和研究对象。结果表明,含碳酸钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉有抑制作用,含硫酸钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉也有抑制作用,但效果没有碳酸钠的土壤大,含氯化钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉的影响不显著,只是在高质量分数时对油菜吸收镉有一些促进作用。在含不同类型盐的土壤中,不同土壤盐对油菜富集镉的能力也有显著的差异,土壤中氯化钠对油菜根部富集镉的能力没有显著影响,而对油菜地上部分富集镉的能力有一定的促进作用;土壤中的碳酸钠对油菜地上和地下部分富集镉的能力都有显著的抑制作用,不利于油菜对镉的富集。     

不同钝化材料对红壤中铜有效性的影响及机理

选取3种钝化材料（赤泥、硼泥、钙镁磷肥）,通过盆栽试验,观测了在不同铜污染水平红壤上,3种钝化材料对小油菜（Brassica campestris,L var Conmunis）吸收铜的影响。结果表明：在铜污染红壤上,3种钝化材料降低土壤EDTA提取态铜含量的效果显著。其中,在高铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥、硼泥处理降低效果最为明显,较污染对照降低了41.48%、44.44%。在低铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥处理降低效果最为明显,较对照处理降低了35.83%。施用3种钝化材料均能促进小油菜生长,增加小油菜的生物量,降低小油菜对铜的吸收量。其中,低铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥、高量硼泥与硼泥-赤泥联合施用处理降低铜含量的效果最为明显,与污染对照相比,小油菜铜含量分别降低82.64%,72.71%,85.14%;在高铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥与硼泥、赤泥联合施用处理降低小油菜铜含量的效果最为明显,小油菜铜含量分别为36.37,36.32 mg.kg^-1。结果表明,用量为45 000 kg.hm^-2的赤泥是最佳的功能钝化材料。     

蚯蚓在植物修复铜、镉污染土壤中的作用

以红壤和高砂土为供试土壤,分别加入3个浓度的重金属铜离子Cu2 (100,200,400 mg kg-1)或镉离子Cd2 (5,10,20 mg kg-1),每钵接种6条蚯蚓(Pheretimasp.),种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum),以不加蚯蚓为对照(CK),研究蚯蚓活动对Cu、Cd污染土壤中黑麦草生长及铜、镉生物有效性的影响.结果表明,添加蚯蚓显著提高了Cu2 、Cd2 污染的高砂土中黑麦草地上部分的生物量,增幅为33%~96%;仅增加了Cu2 污染浓度低于200 mg kg-1的红壤中黑麦草地上部分的生物量;添加蚯蚓显著增加了两种土壤中速效N的含量,促进了黑麦草地上部分对N的吸收,对速效P、K的含量以及黑麦草中P、K含量无显著影响;添加蚯蚓显著提高了红壤中铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)DTPA提取态的含量,对高砂土中DTPA提取态Cu、Cd的含量无显著影响;增加了高砂土中和添加Cu污染浓度低于200 mg kg-1的红壤中黑麦草地上部分吸收Cu的总量,而对黑麦草吸收Cd的量无显著影响.加入蚯蚓可以不同程度地改善植物修复技术应用中受制的两个主要因素.表4参30     

Sequential extraction of cadmium in different soil phases and plant parts from a former industrialized area

Cd concentrations in mobile phases of soil are more representative than total Cd concentration for estimating Cd bioavailability, physicochemical reactivity and mobility. In this study, selective sequential extraction procedures were used to determine Cd in different soil phases. Soil samples and plants grown in these soils were collected from a serpentine and copper-mining area in Maden-Elazig-Turkey. The extracted fractions were exchangeable/carbonate, reducible-iron/manganese oxides, oxidizable-organic matter and sulfides, and residual phases except silicates. Concentrations of Cd in soils and plant samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We found that Cd concentrations in the EDTA and NH₂OH·HCl extracts are higher in most soil samples compared to the other extracts. We conclude that Cd levels in mobile phases are unexpectedly high. The observed Cd concentrations are in ranges of 0.03–3.4 mg kg⁻¹ for soil and 0.02–2.5 mg kg⁻¹ for plant parts. The percentages of cadmium up to 56% in exchangeable and carbonates fractions were observed to be significantly higher than in those values less than 2% reported in literature. This study has shown that the modified extraction method can be usefully applied to determine Cd concentrations in potentially mobile phase of soil. Furthermore, it was concluded that Brassicasea and Rumex leaves can be used as hyperaccumulator plants because their translocation factor and/or enrichment coefficient values were found to be higher than 1.0.     

Variations between rice cultivars in root secretion of organic acids and the relationship with plant cadmium uptake

To attempt to understand certain mechanisms causing the variations between rice cultivars with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars at different levels of Cd, i.e., 0 (the control), 10, 50 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. The two rice cultivars differ significantly with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation. Root secretions of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOA) for each treatment were measured with ion chromatography. The results showed that LMWOA concentrations in the soil planted with Shan you 63 (a high soil Cd accumulator) were all higher than those in the soil planted with Wu yun jing 7 (low soil Cd accumulator) at different soil Cd levels, although the magnitudes of the differences varied for individual LMWOA and depend on soil Cd concentrations. For all six LMWOA, there were significant differences at P < 0.05 or < 0.01 levels for soils treated with 10 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ Cd. The magnitude of the differences was greater under soil Cd treatments, especially at relatively low levels (for example, 10 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil), than in the control. Acetic acid and formic acid constituted more than 96% of the total concentration of the six LMWOA, while citric acid constituted only about 0.1%. The rice cultivar with higher concentrations of LMWOA in soil accumulated more Cd in the plants. The results indicate that LMWOA secretion by rice root, especially in Cd-contaminated soils, is likely to be one of the mechanisms determining the plant Cd uptake properties of rice cultivars.     

Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on metal phytoextraction from contaminated soil by Brassica juncea

The present study deals with metal uptake by Brassica juncea in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf 27 for Zn, Cu and Cd removal from brass and electroplating-industry effluent-contaminated soil. Inoculation of P. fluorescens significantly (p<0.05) increased water soluble (Ws) and exchangeable (Ex) metal content in contaminated soil in laboratory conditions and also enhanced plant biomass by 99% and chlorophyll content by 91% as compared to uninoculated plants in the greenhouse. The metal uptake by B. juncea followed the pattern Zn>Cu>Cd and increased with increasing plant growth duration. P. fluorescens inoculation increased root and shoot uptake of Zn by 3.05 and 2.69, Cu by 3.19 and 2.82 and Cd by 3.11- and 2.75-fold, respectively. BCF value for each metal was>1 and increased by 44%, 42% and 38% for Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively, in inoculated conditions, whereas TF remained unaffected and followed the order Zn>Cd>Cu. P. fluorescens inoculation also enhanced Ws fraction of Zn, Cu and Cd by 99%, 77% and 90% and Ex by 107%, 70% and 93%, respectively. Results depicted that association of B. juncea with P. fluorescens could be a promising strategy for enhancing soil metal bioavailability and plant growth for successful phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.