生物膜微环境和传质现象研究进展

生物膜法污水处理工艺对污染物的降解去除主要依赖活性生物膜,研究生物膜的结构和传质特性是揭示反应机理和提高反应器处理效率的重要手段.综述了近年来国外在生物膜微环境和微观传质过程中的研究进展,包括对生物膜微观结构的解析、膜内不同菌系的分布特征及其功能以及生物膜的传质现象和数学模型.在此基础上,提出了生物膜研究领域今后应开展的研究方向.     

生物流化床中生物膜特性与反应器效率的关系

综述了生物流化床处理有机废水时生物膜的特性及其对反应器效率的影响。包括反应器中生物膜的形成及影响生物膜形成的因素;生物膜的活性及膜厚、基质浓度和不同种群微生物在生物膜中的分布对其活性的影响;生物膜的传质特性;生物膜厚度与反应器效率的关系;生物膜的脱膜及其数学模型;提出了生物流化床今后的研究重点     

生物膜氧化沟污水处理性能的研究

生物膜氧化沟是在普通氧化沟内放置合适填料，使之成为活性污泥法与生物膜法相结合的混合污水处理工艺。本研究通过清水试验，选择出了生物膜氧人诉合适填料及其安装方式，并同时比较了生物膜氧化沟和普通氧化沟的传质效果，水流阻力、水力混合特性。通过污水试验，确定了生物膜氧化沟的填料最佳填充率。并比较了生物膜氧化沟和普通氧化沟的去除ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ、ＴＮ效率及两者的污泥性能。     

用于废水处理的膜曝气生物反应器

膜曝气生物反应器是一种利用透气膜进行曝气的污水生物处理组合新工艺.膜曝气的主要特点在于无泡曝气和特殊结构的生物膜.无泡曝气可提高传氧效率,在高浓度废水或含挥发性有机物废水的处理中具有优势.曝气膜上生长的生物膜具有传质异向性,这一特点使其具有同步除碳脱氮的潜力.介绍了膜曝气生物反应器的工艺特点,总结了国内外对于膜曝气生物反应器在废水处理方面的研究进展,指出当前膜曝气生物反应器应用中存在的问题,并展望了今后的发展前景.     

用于废水处理的膜曝气生物反应器

膜曝气生物反应器是一种利用透气膜进行曝气的污水生物处理组合新工艺.膜曝气的主要特点在于无泡曝气和特殊结构的生物膜.无泡曝气可提高传氧效率,在高浓度废水或含挥发性有机物废水的处理中具有优势.曝气膜上生长的生物膜具有传质异向性,这一特点使其具有同步除碳脱氮的潜力.介绍了膜曝气生物反应器的工艺特点,总结了国内外对于膜曝气生物反应器在废水处理方面的研究进展,指出当前膜曝气生物反应器应用中存在的问题,并展望了今后的发展前景.     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能——空气通量的影响

空气通量是影响SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能的重要参数。在不同空气通量条件下,考察了微气泡产生特性及氧传质特性,以及SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能。结果表明,当空气通量由31.85 L/(min·m2)降低至12.74 L/(min·m2)时,产生的微气泡平均直径由62.9μm减小到32.6μm,氧传质系数由0.31 min-1降低至0.19 min-1,但氧传质效率由67.7%提高至90.3%。生物膜反应器DO浓度随空气通量的降低而下降,导致生物膜好氧代谢活性下降,进而COD和氨氮去除效率降低;同时,在较低DO浓度下,可实现同步硝化反硝化过程去除TN。随着空气通量的降低,生物膜反应器氧利用率增加,空气通量为12.74 L/(min·m2)时,可接近100%;同时,曝气能耗降低,在相同条件下能耗低于传统大气泡曝气。     

反硝化生物滤池生物膜胞外聚合物空间分布特征

研究了上流式反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)的空间分布特征,EPS的空间结构及组成对基质在生物膜内的传质作用有较大的影响,进而影响反硝化反应的进程和DNBF的脱氮效果。结果表明,沿水流方向生物膜EPS含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在滤料层中间段为最高(56.14 mg·g~(-1))。将生物膜EPS分为悬浮型与附着型(包括溶解型、松散附着型和紧密黏附型)进行分层分析,发现每个分层的蛋白质含量均高于多糖含量;悬浮生物膜EPS中的多糖含量高于其他分层;溶解型和松散附着型生物膜EPS中的多糖含量高于紧密黏附型生物膜EPS。三维荧光光谱分析表明,悬浮生物膜EPS中所含主要物质为溶解性微生物分解副产物类,附着生物膜中,溶解型和松散附着型生物膜EPS包含酪氨酸类、色氨酸类蛋白质以及溶解性微生物分解副产物类蛋白质,紧密黏附型生物膜EPS主要包含溶解性微生物分解副产物类蛋白质。傅里叶红外光谱解析表明,羧基、酰胺基、羟基等是EPS中的主要基团。     

固定化微生物技术在无泡供氧膜生物反应器中的应用研究

实验采用中空纤维膜作为无泡供氧及生物膜载体，采用包埋固定化技术进行挂膜及污水处理研究。通过装置改进，较好地解决了无曝气条件下的底物传质问题，提高了传质效率，确定了最佳包埋剂及固定化条件，缩短了挂膜时间和提高了污染物的去除效果。实验结果表明，采用PVA作为包埋剂，且包泥量为1：1的情况下，挂膜时间可缩短为一周左右，COD和氨氮的去除率分别稳定在90％和80％左右。     

排水管道内湍动能分布特性及影响因素

污水中的污染物在管道输送过程中由于管道壁生物膜的微生物作用而发生降解,生化反应过程取决于物质从水相到生物膜之间的传质过程,传质过程受管道中流态特别是湍流作用的影响较大。采用PIV技术和FLUENT软件模拟下水道流态,重点研究充满度为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和坡度为0.003、0.005、0.008、0.01、0.03时水相中湍动能和湍动耗散率的沿程变化。结果表明,在充满度一定时管壁处的湍动能及湍动耗散率最大,且其随着坡度的增大而逐渐增大;坡度一定时,充满度越大管壁处湍动能及湍动耗散率越大。     

机械搅拌萃取塔中氯仿萃取DMF的传质系数

萃取-精馏法处理N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)废水是一种节能工艺,相关的工艺研究多有报道.为了对萃取传质过程进行研究,在机械搅拌萃取塔中采用氯仿萃取废水中DMF,在考虑萃取传质系数沿塔高变化的基础上建立了传质数学模型.根据实验数据,结合辛普森积分法和最优化方法一单纯形法对传质模型进行参数估计,获得传质系数与萃取轻重两相...     

膜生物反应器中生物膜的生长特性

实验采用经甲苯培养驯化而成的单一假单胞菌菌种,通过分析平板式生物膜反应器内,不同阶段假单胞细菌生物膜干重、厚度、活性生物量和生物种群分布的变化,研究生物膜特性与降解效率之间的关系。实验结果表明,在挂膜初期生物膜迅速生长,生物量以及生物膜干重增长很快,有利于甲苯及营养物质的传输,降解效率也快速提升。随着生物膜的生长,生物量及干重也逐步增加,厚度逐渐增加使传质阻力不断增大,生物膜上层微生物的有机底物供应不足,使生物膜上层结构稀疏,最终维持一个甲苯的总传输量与生化降解量的平衡,生物量的生长与衰亡也达到动态平衡,形成了一个较高且稳定的降解效率。     

The effect of a biofilm on solute diffusion in fractured porous media

At sites in fractured rock where contamination has been exposed to the rock matrix for extended periods of time, the amount of contaminant mass residing in the matrix can be considerable. Even though it may be possible to diminish concentrations by the advection of clean water through the fracture features, back diffusion from mass held in the matrix will lead to a continuing source of contamination. In such an event, the development of a biofilm (a thin film of microbial mass) on the wall of the fractures may act to limit or prevent the back diffusion process. The objective of this preliminary study is to explore the influence imparted by the presence of a biofilm on the process of matrix diffusion. The investigation was conducted using radial diffusion cells constructed from rock core in which biofilm growth was stimulated in a central reservoir. Once biofilms were developed, forward diffusion experiments were conducted in which a conservative solute migrated from the central reservoir into the intact rock sample. Diffusion experiments were performed in a total of 11 diffusion cell pairs where biofilm growth was stimulated in one member of the pair and inhibited in the other. The effect of the presence of a biofilm on tracer diffusion was determined by comparison of the diffusion curves produced by each cell pair. A semi-analytical model that accounts for the presence of a biofilm was used to investigate the effect of the biofilm on mass transfer due to changes in the effective porosity, effective diffusion coefficient, and the depth of penetration of the biofilm into the intact rock. The results show that the biofilm acted to plug the rock matrix, rather than forming a discrete layer on the reservoir surface. The reduction in effective porosity due to the biofilm ranged from 6% to 52% with the majority of the samples in the 30% to 50% range. Based on the present results, with more efficient biofilm stimulation, it is reasonable to assume that a more complete plugging of the microcrack porosity might be possible, leaving a much thicker and efficient barrier than could be achieved via a surface biofilm.     

好氧反硝化去除低浓度NO_x的动力学模型研究

在好氧条件下,对利用生物滴滤塔（bio-trickling filter,BTF）反硝化净化废气中NOx的过程进行了理论模型探讨,并用实验结果进行了验证。在分析NOx在BTF内传质以及生物降解过程的基础上,建立了NOx在气相和生物膜相的质量守恒方程,结合Fick定律和好氧条件下的Monod微生物反应动力学方程,最终得到了NOx在BTF中＂吸附-微生物降解＂过程的动力学方程。模型计算值与实验结果表明,BTF中好氧反硝化过程为一级反应过程,利用该模型可以较好地模拟进口浓度、停留时间等因素对出口浓度的影响,对实际应用具有指导意义。     

Pilot-scale aerated submerged biofilm reactor for organics removal and nitrification at cold temperatures.

This research describes pilot-scale experiments for efficient removal of dissolved organic and nitrogen compounds in domestic wastewater using aerated submerged biofilm (ASBF) reactors. These reactors could enhance the performance of shallow wastewater treatment lagoons through the addition of specially designed structures. The structures are designed to encourage the growth of a nitrifying bacterial biofilm on a submerged surface. They also force the direct contact of rising air bubbles against the submerged biofilm. This direct gas-phase contact is postulated to increase the oxygen transfer rate into the biofilm and increase the microclimate mixing of water, nutrients, and waste products into and out of the biofilm. This research investigated the efficiency of dissolved organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen removals. Specifically, the effects of cold temperatures on the dissolved organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen performance of the ASBF pilot plant (see Figure 1) was investigated for the batch system. Over a period of 3.5 months, a total of 11 batch runs were performed. By the fourth run, the biofilm had matured to the point that it consumed all the ammonia in 40 hours. On the ninth run, the air supply was left off as a control run. This time, the ammonia was barely consumed, with the level dropping from 24 to 18 mg/L in 40 hours. By the middle of December, the average water temperature during the runs had dropped to approximately 6 degrees C and, at one point, was as low as 3.3 degrees C. The biofilm continued to perform even at these low temperatures, reducing ammonia levels from approximately 25 mg/L to basically zero within 40 to 48 hours.     

Dynamic mathematical model for biotransformation and mass transfer of livestock generated VOC-odor in a bioactive dust practice system

A multi-step mass transfer-biodegradation model is developed to describe the bioactive adsorber dynamics for the biotreatment of livestock generated odor causing VOCs (VOC-odor) based on a biologically active dust particle (BADP) process. The BADP process employs dust particles with adsorbat-acclimated microbial culture to form the bioactivated dust particles (BDP) for the simultaneously adsorption, mass transfer, and biodegradation of VOC-odor. The model incorporating age and size distributions of BDP considers the equilibrium partitioning of VOC-odor at BDP and bulk gas interface that followed by two kinetic processes occurring in the bulk and solid phases: bulk gas mass transfer-biodegradation and BDP biofilm diffusion-biodegradation. Analytical equations indicate that the overall biotransformation rate of VOC-odor in a BADP process is controlled by BDP-bulk gas equilibrium processes represented by the slowest of two kinetic processes determined by a dimensionless group: the Thiele modulus (phi 2), the Damkohler number (Da) and the Biot number (Bi). Computer simulations demonstrate that the most favorable performance of a BADP system in reducing VOC-odor concentrations is operated under Bi < 1, Da < 1, or Bi > 1 phi 2 < 1; indicating diffusion-biodegradation controlled. The dimensionless group can be used to identify the dominant rate-limiting processes and to evaluate the overall biomineralization rate in a BADP process. Simulation results allow the determination of preliminary design for prototype development.     

Effect of substrate Henry's constant on biofilter performance

Butanol, ether, toluene, and hexane, which have Henry's constants ranging from 0.0005 to 53, were used to investigate the effects of substrate solubility or availability on the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in trickle-bed biofilters. Results from this study suggest that, although removal of a VOC generally increases with a decrease in its Henry's constant, an optimal Henry's constant range for biofiltration may exist. For the treatment of VOCs with high Henry's constant values, such as hexane and toluene, the transfer of VOCs between the vapor and liquid phases or between the vapor phase and the biofilm is a rate-determining step. However, oxygen (O2) transfer may become a rate-limiting step in treating VOCs with low Henry's constants, such as butanol, especially at high organic loadings. The results demonstrated that in a gas-phase aerobic biofilter, nitrate can serve both as a growth-controlling nutrient and as an electron acceptor in a biofilm for the respiration of VOCs with low Henry's constants. Microbial communities within the biofilters were examined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to provide a more complete picture of the effect of O2 limitation and denitrification on biofilter performance.     

生物滴滤床废气净化技术及应用

生物滴滤床是一种高效的废气净化装置 ,但其运行受诸多因素影响 ,采用传统的传质理论和传统的生物膜理论进行描述 ,难以取得满意结果 ,因此应从多方面来理解生物滴滤床的设计和运行 ,以开发高效的反应器和合理的运行处理系统。在分析中 ,综述了生物滴滤床净化有机废气的原理及运行中的多种影响因素 ,阐述了生物滴滤床的研究现状及相关应用。     

Effect of formaldehyde on biofilm activity and morphology in an ultracompact biofilm reactor for carbonaceous wastewater treatment.

The effects of formaldehyde on biofilm morphology and biomass activity were investigated in an ultracompact biofilm reactor (UCBR) for carbonaceous wastewater treatment. The wastewater contained a fixed amount of glucose (with a chemical oxygen demand concentration of 600 mg/L) and an increasing concentration of formaldehyde (ranging from 21.4 to 271.1 mg/L). An influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 75 mg/L could facilitate filamentous growth (on biofilm) control and lead to a higher biofilm density, which is desirable as it enhanced the UCBR performance stability. However, at an influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 214.4 mg/L, biomass production was inhibited and deteriorations of biofilm morphology and biomass activity were observed. This study showed that it was desirable to maintain an influent formaldehyde concentration lower than 202.2 mg/L, as this concentration could achieve a good biofilm morphology while not inhibiting its microbial activity.