膜生物反应器处理甲苯废气的降解特性及传质过程强化

设计了一种气相空间带方形扰流柱结构的平板膜生物反应器,进行了甲苯降解废气净化实验,并与未加入方形扰流柱结构的反应器进行了对比。实验研究了甲苯入口浓度和气体流量对甲苯降解效率和传质速率的影响,结果表明,随着甲苯入口浓度和气体流量的增加,膜生物反应器降解效率降低,甲苯的传质速率增大,气相空间加入方形扰流柱后,甲苯在反应器中的传输得到了强化,降解效率最大提高了8%。     

2株油烟降解优势菌株的筛选及性能研究

通过以油烟冷凝液为惟一碳源的选择培养基初筛，从长期受到油烟严重污染的土壤中筛选出具有降解油烟污染物能力的优势菌株XJ01、XJ03。研究了其最佳生长条件及降解性能，并对其进行了生理生化特征及分子生物学鉴定。研究表明，XJ01、XJ03最佳生长温度分别为35℃、30℃，最佳生长pH均为7，摇床转速均为120r／min，最佳降解时间分别为48h和36h；在最佳降解条件下，xJ01、XJ03总降解量分别达4．47113g／L和4．18ing／L，降解过程中，降解液pH值持续下降，生物量先增加后下降。经分子生物学鉴定，菌株XJ01、XJ03分别与铜绿假单胞菌群（Pseudomonasaeruginosagroup）和克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiellasp．）同源性最高均达到100％。     

聚合物驱采出水中聚丙烯酰胺的微生物联合降解作用研究

通过对2株细菌的培养降解实验研究聚丙烯酰胺(hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,HPAM)降解菌对水环境下聚丙烯酰胺的降解作用,讨论协同降解机理。2株降解聚丙烯酰胺的菌株假单胞菌CJ419、枯草芽孢杆菌FA16在初始30℃废水样品上培养,定期测量细菌生物量和HPAM降解率。培养30 d后CJ419和FA16对聚合物的降解率最大值分别达到30.4%和25%,而以1∶1比例的混合菌降解率最大值达到80.3%。对2株菌胞外各组分研究表明:混合菌降解HPAM的机理主要由胞外降解酶系水解聚合物侧链基团导致HPAM降解为小分子物质,同时生长过程中降解菌还会释放非蛋白还原性物质引发氧化反应共同参与HPAM降解。     

华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

油污土中降解柴油细菌的分离鉴定及降解能力研究

从所采集柴油污染土壤样品中富集、分离得到柴油降解优势菌株,命名为B-3和B-4.根据其生理生化性质及16S rDNA序列比对分析,确定2株菌分别属于Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).由于实验中,B-3的生长曲线较特殊,故以B-3和典型石油烃降解菌假单...     

鼠李糖脂浓度对铜绿假单胞菌NY3烃代谢过程中细胞生理特性影响作用

为了研究表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(Rha)促进铜绿假单胞菌NY3烃降解与该菌细胞生理特性变化规律的相关性,在实验室可控条件下,研究了投加Rha后对该菌在整个培养过程中生长情况、正十六烷降解率、胞内脂多糖含量、胞内外蛋白含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明,NY3菌对正十六烷的降解率不受限于该鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度(CMC=35 mg·L~(-1)),即在投加高于CMC浓度时同样可以提高正十六烷的降解率,并增大体系生物量和积累大量酸性物质(多为烃的氧化产物),该酸性物质能被NY3菌利用并快速生长。投加Rha可增加细胞内脂多糖的含量,并与体系中被去除的烃类物质的量成正比;同时能促进胞内蛋白在短时间内增加并趋于稳定,而降解体系中胞外蛋白同样对于正十六烷的降解有积极作用。因此,投加Rha不仅能提高对疏水性有机物的增溶性,同时对代谢过程中菌体的生理生化特性有明显的改变,从而提高NY3菌对烃类物质的降解率。     

紫外诱变对假单胞菌降解间甲酚生物特性的影响

室温下用紫外光对假单胞菌进行2min诱变。分别用驯化后紫外诱变和未诱变假单胞菌处理不同浓度的间甲酚水样,对比分析其在降解能力、降解速率、微生物呼吸率、酶活性等方面的差异性。结果表明,诱变假单胞菌和未诱变假单胞菌能完全降解400mg/L以下的间甲酚水样,降解过程中脱氢酶始终保持较高活性。诱变假单胞菌降解相同浓度间甲酚的速率明显高于未诱变假单胞菌,假单胞菌经诱变后其降解间甲酚的能力、对间甲酚的耐受性均有所提高。     

一株石油烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及对石油烃模式物的降解特性研究

从胶洲湾P3-1站位采集的石油污染海洋底泥中筛选得到一株能以原油为唯一碳源生长良好的石油烃降解菌株JZ3-21。经过形态、生理生化特征试验和16S rDNA序列分析结果,鉴定JZ3-21为恶臭假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas puti-da）;实验研究了该菌株对5种石油烃模式物（正十六烷、甲苯、萘、芘和邻苯二酚）的降...     

生物滴滤塔处理苯乙烯气流的工效和生物膜微群落的分析

采用培养驯化污泥菌种、类球形陶粒和循环液等构建生物滴滤塔.研究评价气体苯乙烯浓度、气体流量、循环液喷淋量对生物滴滤塔工效的影响,并对生物膜微群落中的微种群作了定性定量检测.当进口气体苯乙烯小于1 000 mg/m3、气体流量为200 L/h、循环液流量为10 L/h时,苯乙烯净化效率达90%以上,生化去除量为30 mg/(L·h);单位体积生物膜填料对苯乙烯的最大生化去除量为35 mg/(L·h).湿润生物膜微群落的优势菌种群包括恶臭假单胞菌、梭形芽孢杆菌、罗非氏不动杆菌等5种,恶臭假单胞菌等非芽孢杆菌的最大活菌数为5.5×107 CFU/g,并随生物滴滤塔运行时间延长有减少趋势.     

生物净化甲苯气体的中间产物控制研究

为了提高生物法净化甲苯气体的去除能力,对甲苯降解过程中的中间产物控制问题进行了研究.以甲苯为碳源,驯化分离出甲苯降解菌 Pseudomonas putida,通过封闭系统的反应器试验,测定降解菌体的生长特性和中间代谢产物对甲苯矿化的影响,在生物滴滤实验系统(φ40 mm×H 500 mm)上,研究甲苯降解的中间产物产生、积累和控制问题.结果表明,甲苯的降解中主要有中间产物邻苯二酚的积累,中间产物邻苯二酚的氧化反应支持了 Pseudomonas putida 菌的生物合成.当气体流量 60～100 L/h,甲苯入口浓度0.14～1.71 S/m3时,邻苯二酚最大累积量为0.045 mg/L;采用白天运行12 h,夜间停运12 h的模拟工况运行方式,停止有机废气基质供应时,生物降解积累的中间产物邻苯二酚在 6～10 h 内完全矿化,邻苯二酚继续氧化可转化为生物量,维持系统的稳定性.     

Simulating accumulation of biofilms in biotrickling filter

Accumulations and spatial and dynamic variations of biofilms in the media of a biotrickling filter were simulated using mathematical models for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) removal. Toluene was selected as the model VOC. Effects of toluene concentration and gas Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) on VOC removal were also investigated. Results showed that biofilm thickness increased with increased operation duration and the growth rate of biofilms increased with increased inlet toluene concentration and EBCT at a constant toluene loading. The profiles of the thickness and growth rate of biofilms along the medium depth dropped gradually at a certain time.     

Biofilm formation and microbial community analysis of the simulated river bioreactor for contaminated source water remediation

Background, aim, and scope

The start-up pattern of biofilm remediation system affects the biofilm characteristics and operating performances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the contaminated source water remediation systems with different start-up patterns in view of the pollutants removal performances and microbial community succession.

Methods

The operating performances of four lab-scale simulated river biofilm reactors were examined which employed different start-up methods (natural enrichment and artificial enhancement viadischarging sediment with influent velocity gradient increase) and different bio-fillers (Elastic filler and AquaMats? ecobase). At the same time, the microbial communities of the bioreactors in different phases were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and sequencing.

Results and discussion

The pollutants removal performances became stable in the four reactors after 2 months?? operation, with ammonia nitrogen and permanganate index (COD_Mn) removal efficiencies of 84.41?C94.21% and 69.66?C76.60%, respectively. The biomass of mature biofilm was higher in the bioreactors by artificial enhancement than that by natural enrichment. Microbial community analysis indicated that elastic filler could enrich mature biofilm faster than AquaMats?. The heterotrophic bacteria diversity of biofilm decreased by artificial enhancement, which favored the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) developing on the bio-fillers. Furthermore, Nitrosomonas- and Nitrosospira-like AOB coexisted in the biofilm, and Pseudomonas sp., Sphaerotilus sp., Janthinobacterium sp., Corynebacterium aurimucosum were dominant in the oligotrophic niche.

Conclusion

Artificial enhancement via the combination of sediment discharging and influent velocity gradient increasing could enhance the biofilm formation and autotrophic AOB enrichment in oligotrophic niche.     

Comparison of physical technologies for biomass control in biofilters treating gaseous toluene

Excessive accumulation of biomass within gas-phase biofilters often results in the deterioration of removal performance. Compared with chemical and biological technologies, physical technologies are more effective in removing biomass and inducing less inhibition of the biofilter performance. This study applied different physical technologies, namely, air sparging, mechanical mixing, and washing with water at various temperatures, to remove excess biomass in biofilters treating toluene. Filter pressure drop, removed dry biomass, biofilter performance, and microbial metabolic characteristics were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. Results showed that air sparging was inefficient for biomass removal (1 kg dry biomass/m³ filter), whereas mechanical mixing significantly inhibited removal efficiencies (<30%). Washing of the packing with fluids was feasible, and hot fluids can remove a large amount of biomass. However, hot fluids reduce microbial activity and inhibit removal performance. Washing of the packing with either 20°C or 50°C water showed efficiency as >3 kg dry biomass/m³ filter can be removed at both temperatures with removal efficiencies at approximately 40% after treatment. Finally, different technologies were compared and summarized to propose an optimized strategy of biomass control for industrial biofilters.

Implications: This study is to apply different physical technologies, namely, air sparging, mechanical mixing, and washing with water of different temperatures, to remove the excess biomass in biofilters treating toluene. The filter pressure drop, removed dry biomass, biofilter performance, and microbial metabolic characteristics were all analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. The results of this study provide useful information regarding biomass control of industrial biofilters.     

生物流化床中生物膜特性与反应器效率的关系

综述了生物流化床处理有机废水时生物膜的特性及其对反应器效率的影响。包括反应器中生物膜的形成及影响生物膜形成的因素;生物膜的活性及膜厚、基质浓度和不同种群微生物在生物膜中的分布对其活性的影响;生物膜的传质特性;生物膜厚度与反应器效率的关系;生物膜的脱膜及其数学模型;提出了生物流化床今后的研究重点     

Modeling variations of medium porosity in rotating drum biofilter

Rotating drum biofilters (RDBs) mounted with reticulated polyurethane sponge media has showed high removal efficiencies over a long period of time when used for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal. Due to the accumulation of biomass within the sponge medium, the porosity of a filter bed usually changes dynamically, which makes it difficult to predict and to control. In this paper, the porosity of a multi-layer RDB bed was investigated by a diffusion-reaction model in which biofilm growth and decay were taken into account at the pore scale of the sponge medium. Temporal and spatial changes of porosity were studied under various organic loadings and gas empty bed contact times (EBCTs). The porosity of the biofilter bed was assumed to be a function of biofilm thickness, and all the pores were assumed to be uniform. Toluene was selected as the model VOC. The model was solved using numerical methods through the MATLAB software. Results show that the porosity decreased with increased time of operation, increased toluene loading, or decreased gas EBCT value. The porosity in the outermost medium layer was less than that in the inner medium layers. Toluene removal efficiencies and porosities calculated from this model correlated with the experimental data well. Porosity variation was proposed to be an indicator for prediction of biofilter performance in biofilters as a consequence.     

Role of biological activity and biomass distribution in air biofilter performance

The effects of temporal and spatial changes in biological activity and biomass amount on biofilter performance were investigated in a lab-scale trickle-bed air biofilter at a toluene loading of 46.9gm(-3)h(-1) under two different experimental strategies, namely, periodic backwashing at a rate of 1h once a week and 2d starvation. Analysis of the overall reaction for toluene metabolism revealed that cell synthesis was relatively favored over toluene oxidation in the inlet section of the biofilter, but over time its oxidation became favored throughout the biofilter bed. Periodic in situ backwashing with media fluidization effectively made even spatial distribution of biomass along the bed media, by which consistent high removal performance in the biofilter has been attained. After 2d starvation, the ratio of the biofilm EPS to the total biomass increased along the media bed depth, while the total biomass in the media bed subsequently decreased. The presence of sufficient biomass and microbial activity favorably influenced biofilter reacclimation after restart-up following starvation.     

Zinc accumulation and synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Physalis alkekengi L

A field survey and greenhouse experiments were conducted using Physalis alkekengi L. to investigate strategies of phytoremediation. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using P. alkekengi. P. alkekengi plants grew healthily at Zn levels from 50 to 5000 mg kg⁻¹ in soils. The plants incorporated Zn into their aerial parts (with mean dry weight values of 235-10,980 mg kg⁻¹) and accumulated biomass (with a mean dry weight of 25.7 g plant⁻¹) during 12 weeks. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed a polydisperse behavior and had a mean size of 72.5 nm. The results indicate that P. alkekengi could be used for the remediation of zinc-contaminated soils. Moreover, the synthetic method of synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles from Zn hyperaccumulator plants constitutes a new insight into the recycling of metals in plant sources.     

Performance evaluation of a biotrickling filter treating a mixture of oxygenated VOCs during intermittent loading

Laboratory scale-studies on the biodegradation of a 1:1:1 weight mixture of three oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK) in a biotrickling filter (BTF) were carried out using two identically sized columns, filled with different polypropylene rings. The performance of the BTFs was examined for a period of 10 months applying several operational strategies. Similar performance was obtained for both supports. Intermittent flow rate of trickling liquid was shown beneficial to improve the removal efficiency (RE). Continuous feeding of VOC resulted in an excessive accumulation of biomass so high pressure drop was developed in less than 20-30 d of operation. Intermittent VOC loading with night and weekend feed cut-off periods passing dry air, but without addition of water, was shown as a successful operational mode to control the thickness of the biofilm. In this case, operation at high inlet loads (ILs) was extended for more than 75 d maintaining high REs and low pressure drops. Outlet emission concentrations lower than 100 mg Cm(-3) were obtained for ILs up to 100 g Cm(-3)h(-1) working at 15s of empty bed residence time. The most easily biodegradable compounds ethanol and ethyl acetate were used primarily than MEK. After a 3-wk-starvation period, the system performance was almost restored since the first d of operation, being the removal of the less biodegradable compound, MEK, partially deteriorated.     

Molecular and physiological approaches to understand the ecology of methanol degradation during the biofiltration of air streams

A 13.4 L biofilter treating an off-gas stream supplemented with methanol under two different situations was studied in terms of MeOH removal efficiency, microbial ecology and odor removal. During Period 1 (P1) the reactor was packed with wood bark chips with no pH control, treating an off-gas resulting from the aerobic chamber of a membrane biological reactor treating sewage and located outdoor, whereas during Period 2 (P2) a compressed air stream fed with MeOH was treated using PVC rings and maintaining pH at neutral values. Both systems operated at 96 g MeOH m⁻³ h⁻¹ achieving removal efficiencies of around 90% during P1 and 99.9% during P2. The relative activity of biomass developed in both systems was assessed using respirometric analysis with samples obtained from both biofilms. Higher biomass activity was obtained during P2 (0.25-0.35 kg MeOH kg⁻¹ VSS d⁻¹) whereas 1.1 kg MeOH kg⁻¹ VSS d⁻¹ was obtained in the case of P1. The application of molecular and microscopic techniques showed that the eukaryotes were predominant during P1, being the yeast Candida boidinii the most abundant microorganism. A specific Fluorescence in situ hybridization probe was designed for C. boidinii and tested successfully. As a result of the neutral pH, a clear predominance of prokaryotes was detected during P2. Interestingly, some anaerobic bacteria were detected such as Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacteraceae species and also some archaea such as Methanosarcina.