西部大开发中关于农业资源环境保护的思考

世纪之交 ,我国开始实施了西部大开发战略 ,其中资源环境保护问题对农业及农村经济发展起着基础作用 ,与大开发中的若干战略举措的顺利实施及效果息息相关 ,直接影响着可持续发展、粮食安全、农民收入、退耕还林、结构调整等问题 ,对其进行认真思考 ,明晰其相互之间的关系 ,使之相互促进 ,对于推动西部大开发无疑具有十分重要的意义。1　农业资源环境保护与可持续发展可持续发展的目的是实现人口、资源、环境、社会、经济之间的内在统一和协调。资源环境是可持续农业发展的基础 ,它在农业生产系统流程中属于输入要素 ,为农业发展提供物质能…     

安庆市生态经济与可持续发展战略初步研究

发展经济和保护生态环境,是长江沿岸地区可持续发展的两大战略任务,在实地调研的基础上,以可持续发展为宗旨,分析了安庆市社会经济发展中存在的主要问题,对区域可持续发展水平进行了综合评价,认为安庆区域可持续发展的整体水平低于全国和安徽省,对安庆市未来经济增长趋势以及差距进行了趋势拟合,结果显示在目前国家和区域的增长方式下,安庆市将继续处于经济低谷地位,应用系统的观点,对安庆市生态经济系统中主要矛盾的形成机理进行了分析,认为围湖造田,工业化和城市化,区域发展机制与生态环境恶化有直接的关系,评价了安庆发展生态经济的优势条件,在此基础上,提出了7年方面的发展战略,以实现生态经济和区域可持续发展,具体包括：生态与社会经济协调发展战略,资源保护战略,生态建设战略,消除贫困战略,解决“三农”问题战略,基础设施建设战略和旅游发展战略。     

21世纪前期湖南可持续发展的工业化对策研究

湖南是我国中部农业精华地带的组成部分，长期以来，由于受资源禀赋、地理区位、国家政策导向和原有基础等多重影响，形成了传统农业发达而工业发展相对滞后的区域经济。21世纪前期，为实现经济总量的快速增长和区域经济质量的提升，追赶上东部经济发达地区，湖南提出了工业化带动的区域经济战略。由于现阶段国内外经济环境已经发生了较大的变化，加之在科技发展、资源结构和区域经济实力等方面存在与东部沿海发达地区较大的差异，湖南的工业化必须在对原有传统工业化战略有所扬弃的基础上，形成具有自身特色的可持续发展的工业化战略。战略的基本点表现为：(1)将优势传统农业产业进行工业化改造，实现高新技术与传统产业的结合；(2)打破城乡户籍隔离体制，依托城镇化的率先突破，带动工业化发展；(3)高度警觉工业化可能产生的负效应，分类推进，实现不同地区可持续发展的工业化战略。     

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择冯保初（山东大学学报编辑部）一、农业可持续发展面临的严峻形势农业是国民经济的基础。我国的国民经济能否持续、稳定、高速发展，农业是关键。当今世界由于经济增长和人口剧增，掠夺性的资源开发和利用，带来了森林面积减少，水土流失、土...     

科技促进宁夏可持续发展的现状分析

科技是推动宁夏进一步深化改革与发展、实施西部大开发战略、促进经济持续增长、优化产业结构、提升产业竞争实力、缓解发展过程中的资源环境约束力、实现可持续发展的核心力量.科技在促进宁夏实现可持续发展方面取得显著的成就与经验,但是在支Ё撑全区社会经济发展、改善环境以及区域科技创新能力建设方面仍存在急需解决的问题:①科技资源布局不合理;②产业工艺落后,能耗偏高:③特色优势产业发展后劲严重不足,成果转化率低;④区域科技创新能力弱.文章最后结合宁夏自然环境条件、社会经济发展状况、文化特点提出了其未来科技发展的战略思路及重点.     

东中西部区域农业差异及其特征分析

我国东中西部区域农业发展水平的差异较大，认识这种差异的特征对于制定区域农业协调发展的战略决策具有重要意义。本文选择有关区域经济、社会、资源与环境方面的17项指标，采用主成分分析方法，对我国区域农业发展差异的现状进行了分析。结果表明，目前，东中西部农业发展的整体差异仍然很大，主要表现为人均农业产值和人均乡镇企业产值差异较大。而且，从1980～1995年农民人均纯收入的吉尼系数一直呈现增大趋势，说明区域差异呈持续扩大的态势。到1998年人均农业产值的吉尼系数高达0．43，已经高于国际警戒水平。对近10年东中西部乡镇企业产值变化的分析说明，自从实施西部开发战略以来，东中西部乡镇企业产值的比值已经由16：5．6：1．0变为4．5：2．1：1．0。显然西部开发促进了西部农业经济的发展，缩小了区域农业发展水平的差异。     

上海海洋经济发展战略

在沿海各国和地区都高度重视发展海洋经济的背景下，研究上海海洋经济发展战略，对进一步推进上海海洋经济发展，建设“海洋强市”具有重要的意义。开发海洋、发展海洋经济是提升上海国际竞争力，促进社会经济可持续发展，更好地服务于长江三角洲、长江流域乃至全国以及保障城市、国家安全的战略需要。目前，上海海洋经济的发展面临着一系列问题、困难和瓶颈制约，主要表现为：海洋产业结构有待优化提升；海陆互动机制有待进一步完善；河口岛屿资源开发利用程度严重不足；海洋生态环境保护与可持续发展形势依然严峻；海洋科技自主创新能力不强，科技资源亟需开发与整合。因此，从转变思想，树立海洋兴市的战略意识；整体规划，重点布局；产业升级，结构优化；海洋经济发展重在创新；大力发展岛屿经济；注重海洋生态保护与可持续发展7方面，提出了上海发展海洋经济的战略和重点。     

南京都市农业发展与资源环境承载力协调性研究

探讨都市农业发展与资源环境承载力之间相互作用规律,对推进都市农业发展、解决城市发展中的资源环境问题和促进区域可持续发展都具有重要意义。在科学构建都市农业发展与资源环境承载力评价指标体系基础上,借助耦合度模型,以南京市为例,对两者耦合协调关系进行实证研究。结果表明:2000~2015年南京市都市农业发展与资源环境承载力总体均呈上升态势,两者呈正相关,资源环境承载力每提高1%,南京都市农业发展水平相应增加0.746%;两者耦合协调度在2000~2007年处于失调阶段,2008~2015年转变为协调阶段,2015年协调度为0.673,处于初级协调,目前耦合协调度处于资源环境承载力滞后型。南京市应该立足资源环境基础,科学规划都市农业发展格局;转变资源开发与环境保护模式,确保都市农业可持续发展;加大政策扶持力度,促进都市农业发展与资源环境承载力协同优化。     

欢迎订阅《长江流域资源与环境》期刊

<正>《长江流域资源与环境》期刊由中国科学院资源环境科学与技术局和中国科学院武汉文献情报中心联合主办,是我国唯一一份专门研究长江流域各种资源的开发利用保护与生态环境建设以及社会经济可持续发展的综合性学术刊物。期刊立足于长江流域,面向国内外,围绕流域资源与生态环境重大问题,报道最新的科学研究成果及工作经验,介绍国内外江河流域开发整治和环境保护的最新成就。主要栏目有:区域可持续发展;自然资源;农业发展;生态环境;自然灾害;学术讨论·决策建议;动态信息等。     

黄土高原半干旱区雨水利用与可持续农业发展研究

黄土高原半干旱区是一个特定的生态类型和重要的农业区域 ,严重的水土流失和频繁的干旱是该区农业可持续发展的主要制约因素。本文在分析雨水利用可行性的基础上 ,提出了农业发展的有效模式———集水型生态农业 ,它不仅适应于当地的雨水等自然资源条件 ,更适应生产力发展水平 ,易于在农户水平上推广 ,并且具有显著的经济、生态和社会效益 ,是实现该区农业可持续发展的战略性举措 ,同时也为“退耕还林 (草 )”开发战略的实施提供了一个思路     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.