Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti电极的制备、表征及电催化性能

采用电沉积法制备了Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti、PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti、PbO2/Ti 3种电极,运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪观察表面形貌与形态,通过线性扫描伏安法在0.1 mol·L-1的H2SO4中测定电极的析氧极化曲线.以对硝基酚(p-NP)为目标污染物,考察了电极的电催化活性,在20 mA.cm-2电流密度下降解100 mg·L-1 p-NP,120 min时表观速率常数分别为0.0370 min-1、0.0265 min-1和0.0180 min-1,COD去除率分别为77.38%、74.07%、66.18%,研究发现在相同的条件下Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti性能更佳,矿化更完全.     

混合菌群生物燃料电池的产电机理与特性

利用厌氧污泥为接种源构建双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),研究其电子传递机制,并考察其底物利用谱及阴极电子受体对产电性能的影响.结果表明:该MFC主要通过生物膜机制实现电子从有机物到固体电极的传递过程.该混合菌MFC的底物利用谱范围广泛,单糖、二糖、小分子有机酸等有机物均可作为电子供体产电,其中以蔗糖和乳糖为底物产电效果较好,最大功率密度分别为69.69 mW/m2和60.75 mW/m2;而以乙醇为底物时,COD负荷最高,达123.55 mg L-1d-1.阴极不同电子受体对混合菌群MFC的产电性能也有显著影响,其中以KMnO4为电子受体电池性能最好,最大功率密度达1 396.74 mW/m2.     

钛基Sn或Pb 氧化物涂层电极的制备与表征

采用热分解和电沉积方法分别制备了Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3,Ti/PbO2 和Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 三种电极.电镜照片表明,与热分解制备的Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 电极表面呈"泥裂状"不同,电沉积Ti/PbO2 电极表面呈典型金刚石型结构;Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 电极的氧化物中间层使PbO2 结晶显著减小,而且增加了镀层PbO2 与钛基的结合力,在连续使用较长时间后电极表面出现"蜂窝状"腐蚀坑.EDAX和XRD 分析表明,虽然电极用于电化学氧化对氯苯酚后表层物相没有发生改变,但其组成元素的含量有所变化.与Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 和Ti/PbO2 电极相比,Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 电极具有更高的电化学氧化性能.     

三维电极微生物燃料电池处理生活污水同步产电性能

为促进微生物燃料电池(MFC)推广应用于实际,构建以填充碳毡构成的三维结构为电极的单室微生物燃料电池,用于处理生活污水同步产电.对比分析序批运行和连续运行方式对生活污水的处理效果以及MFC的产电性能.在序批实验中,5 d内化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)去除率分别达到91.1%和98.2%,处理结果符合城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准;当MFC外接51Ω电阻时最大功率密度为27.88 m W/m~3.在连续实验中,污水以稳定流速(0.2 m L/min)自反应器底部注入,形成上流式连续运行模式,其水力停留时间(HRT)为5 d,此时出水中COD保持稳定,去除率变化范围为83.2%-97.4%,NH_4~+-N浓度逐渐降低保持在9.45 mg/L以下,反应器对污水中NH_4~+-N的去除效果较好,自第11天后出水中有NO_3~--N积累,导致总氮去除率较低.连续运行方式下MFC最大功率密度为582.5 m W/m~3,约是序批方式的21倍;平稳期平均输出电压为0.087 7 V,是序批运行时的2.9倍.结果表明在连续运行方式下,由于有机物得到补充,微生物可不断利用有机物用于产电,所以连续运行方式时MFC的产电性能更好,可以改善序批方式下输出电压较低的现象.最后基于16S rRNA高通量测序分析电极上微生物群落,发现主导微生物属于Thauera sp.、Saprospiraceae-UN sp.、OPB56-UN sp.,Thauera sp.是一类能以电极为电子供体而还原NO3--N的脱氮微生物.因此可通过富集此类脱氮菌来降低连续运行方式下出水NO3--N浓度,这为改善污水处理效果提供了一种新方法.     

基于铁还原菌的微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)是未来理想的发电装置,而铁还原菌是目前MFC研究中重要的产电微生物.自然界中并无微生物产电的直接进化压力,而MFC电极与自然界中Fe(III)氧化物同为难溶性胞外电子受体,研究表明,铁还原菌对二者的还原有相似机制.基于铁还原菌的MFC具有无需外加介体,可利用多种有机电子供体作为燃料,能量转化率高等优点.本文分析了铁还原菌还原电极和还原Fe(III)氧化物机制的相似性,对近年来基于各种铁还原菌的MFC研究进展进行分述和总结,提出了铁还原菌MFC的发展趋势和研究方向.     

直接微生物燃料电池酒精酵母产电及驯化

为提高微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)的输出功率,降低成本,使实际应用成为可能,首次以酒精酵母为产电微生物,在不添加电子传递中间体的条件下,采用开路电压法和极化曲线法对自行设计的电池装置进行性能优化及产电效果研究,同时选取菌种驯化法对酒精酵母的产电适应性进行探讨.结果显示,铁阳极的电化学活性远高于铝阳极和铜阳极,且阳极形状对产电能力有影响;此MFC最大开路电压和输出功率密度分别为1.252V和502.3mW/m2,内阻为777.43Ω;菌种经驯化电流峰值提前,产电适应性增强.实验结果表明,本研究设计的系统性能良好,调整阳极材料和形状可提高电池产电能力,可通过驯化对菌种进行产电稳定性研究.     

MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极对沉积型微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的影响

考察了MnO2-石墨烯(r-GO)修饰阴极对沉积型微生物燃料电池(SMFC)的产电性能和体系有机质去除率的影响.实验结果表明,采用MnO2和r-GO对SMFC阴极进行复合修饰,运行稳定后,MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极体系与空白阴极体系相比,最高产电电压从65.2 mV增大到325.7 mV;最大功率密度由0.28 mW.m-2增大到17.4 mW.m-2,并且体系的内阻由1157Ω显著降低到159Ω;空白阴极体系和MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极体系的COD去除率和氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率分别由25.8%和27.3%增大到37.0%和32.7%.     

阳极微生物还原氧化石墨烯促进微生物燃料电池在米粉废水中的能量回收

米粉废水是一种含有高浓度有机质的工农业产物.本文以氧化石墨烯(GO)修饰石墨刷作为微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极实现米粉废水的产电以及能量回收.当米粉废水的COD浓度为1200 mg·L~(-1)时,MFC的最大功率密度可达1273.89 m W·m~(-2),此时从废水中回收的能量高达0.97 k Wh·kg~(-1)-COD,其远高于目前文献报道值,例如,MFC体系下市政废水中回收的能量仅为0.18 k Wh·kg~(-1)-COD.利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和激光共聚焦(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观测电极表面形貌,傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared,FTIR)以及拉曼光谱(raman)测定阳极电极的化学结构,循环伏安曲线(cyclic voltammetry,CV)以及电化学阻抗图谱(electrochemical impedance spectra,EIS)测定反映电极电化学性能,结果表明:阳极表面GO负载量随GO修饰浓度的增加而增加;当混合产电菌驯化6个月后,石墨刷表面GO被还原为r GO;与以空白石墨刷为阳极构建的MFC相比,GO修饰石墨刷构建的MFC具有更好的电容特性且传质电阻更低,从而可回收更高的能量.     

群体感应信号分子对Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1生物膜结构及产电性能的影响

电活性生物膜(EAB)是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的重要组成部分.为揭示群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子在MFC中对EAB的响应机制,在MFC阳极室接种铜绿假单胞菌,添加两种QS信号分子(N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯C4-HSL和喹诺酮PQS),观察其对阳极生物膜形态、结构及MFC产电性能的影响.结果显示:添加终浓度为10μmol/L N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯、喹诺酮的MFC的驯化启动期分别比对照组缩短了290.33 h、169.9h,最高输出电压分别提高了18.18%、22.73%,MFC运行后期传质电阻分别减小了9.77Ω、15.15Ω,绿脓素含量分别提高了20.27%、24.32%;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示添加两种信号分子生物膜的生物量均多于对照组;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)照片显示添加QS信号分子可以明显增大阳极生物膜的厚度并改善活死细胞比例.本研究表明添加QS信号分子显著促进了产电菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1在MFC阳极表面的成膜速率,强化了其生物活性,提高了EAB与电极间的电子传递效率及MFC的产电性能.(图9参21)     

FR-CNTs-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极性能及电催化降解罗丹明B

利用碳纳米管(CNTs)的优异性能和氟树脂(FR)的憎水性能,采用电化学共沉积法制备掺杂型FR-CNTs-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti复合电极.运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪对该电极的形貌和组成进行表征,采用接触角仪和阳极极化曲线对电极的电化学性能进行考察.结果表明,该电极比FR-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti和PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极具有更强的憎水性能和更高的O2析出电位,这将有利于提高电极的电催化性能和电流利用效率.将FR-CNTs-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极应用于罗丹明B(RhB)的降解研究,30 mA.cm-2电流密度下,处理10μmol.L-1RhB 15 min,RhB去除率高达90.21%.相同条件下,FR-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极对RhB的去除率仅为69.08%.且FR-CNTs-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极的反应速率常数为0.2215 min-1,是FR-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极(k=0.1191 min-1)的近2倍.由此可见,较强的憎水性和较高的析氧电位,增强了FR-CNTs-PbO2/SnO2-Sb/Ti电极的电化学性质和电催化效果.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.