微生物燃料电池产电研究及微生物多样性分析

以乙酸钠为阳极底物,碳毡材料为阴阳电极,构建了无介体双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),研究不同阴极受体、外接电阻、乙酸钠浓度和不同接种方式等因素对电池产电性能的影响.根据不同接种方式下微生物燃料电池产电性能差异,利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同接种方式下的微生物多样性进行分析.研究结果表明:在500 mL的阴阳极反应体系中,当接入500 Ω外电阻,阴极电子受体为高锰酸钾,阳极乙酸钠质量浓度为6.46 g/L,只接入附着有大量微生物的电极时,微生物燃料电池产电性能最好,最大电功率密度可达353.57 mW/m2,库伦效率为39.35%;微生物多样性分析显示.δ-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲和拟杆菌门的菌种更适应微生物燃料电池的运行环境,能在电极上大量富集.提高电池的产电性能.是电极上的优势菌群.图8表1参21     

微生物燃料电池还原二氧化铅及产电研究

为探究二氧化铅在微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,简称MFC)中的还原及对产电性能的影响,采用电沉积法成功制备了钛基二氧化铅(PbO2/Ti),并将其作为阴极材料应用于双室MFC.二氧化铅的价态、晶型、形态特征以及电化学特性分别采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和循环伏安扫描(CV)进行分析,MFC的产电能力通过COD的去除、输出电压和极化曲线进行表征.结果显示,在以PbO2/Ti为阴极的MFC中COD的降解率可以达到87.68%,明显高于纯钛板的对照(71.4%).当外阻为1 000Ω时,最大输出电压达到760 mV,约为对照的30倍.最大功率密度达379 mW m–2,相应的电流密度为1 185 mA m–2.同时,PbO2被还原为PbO和Pb3(PO4)2.由此可见,二氧化铅由于其具有的强氧化性可作为廉价高效的阴极材料应用于MFC,从而大大提高MFC产电能力.     

低温热氧化法强化剩余污泥微生物燃料电池的产电特性

城市污水处理厂污泥因有机物含量高而成为微生物燃料电池(MFC)应用研究的主要方向之一,而污泥中有机质的释放成为限制其发展的主要因素.本实验利用低温热解和过氧化氢氧化处理的耦合方法预处理城市污水处理厂污泥,分析了其作为燃料对MFC产电性能的影响.研究表明,利用预处理后的污泥上清液作为燃料,预处理温度、时间、pH值和过氧化氢投加量对MFC的产电性能影响大.当温度、时间、pH值和过氧化氢分别为100℃、90 min、11和500 g·kg TSS~(-1)的预处理条件下,MFC功率密度最大,分别为235、287、233.2、280 mW·m~(-3).采用热氧化法预处理污泥,可有利于污泥的破解,使能被产电菌利用的营养物质增多,提高了MFC产电特性,可为污泥资源化利用提供有益的参考.     

厌氧流化床单室无膜微生物燃料电池性能研究

在内径40 mm、高600 mm的液固厌氧流化床空气阴极单室无膜微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,分别以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,采用间歇运行方式,考察了接种厌氧污泥条件下流化状态和流化床反应器阴极位置对电池产电性能的影响.实验结果表明,活性炭床层处于流化状态下,电池最大输出功率随污水流速增加逐渐增加至450 mW·m-2,但流速进一步增加则最大输出电功率则逐步减小;而电池欧姆内阻随污水流速增加先减小后增加.另外,实验考察了阴极位置对电池产电性能的影响.结果表明,高于分布板300 mm处的阴极有较好的产电性能.     

生物电化学系统固定二氧化碳同时产生乙酸和丁酸

生物电化学系统用于微生物电合成,可原位利用污水中的能量将二氧化碳固定,并生产有机物.通过构建生物电化学系统,利用混合菌作电催化剂还原二氧化碳生成乙酸和丁酸.设定阴极电势-0.75 V(vs Ag/AgCl),10 d的反应周期内,乙酸最大积累浓度为251.89 mg/L;丁酸从第3天开始生成,最大积累浓度为89.42 mg/L.系统总电子回收率可达85.04%.电化学分析表明生物阴极具有良好的催化活性.PCR-DGGE分析生物阴极主要菌群为醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacterium)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides).本研究证明了生物阴极具有以二氧化碳为原始底物合成乙酸,并进一步延伸碳链合成中链脂肪酸的能力,对进一步开发微生物电合成技术具有重要参考价值.     

基于铁还原菌的微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)是未来理想的发电装置,而铁还原菌是目前MFC研究中重要的产电微生物.自然界中并无微生物产电的直接进化压力,而MFC电极与自然界中Fe(III)氧化物同为难溶性胞外电子受体,研究表明,铁还原菌对二者的还原有相似机制.基于铁还原菌的MFC具有无需外加介体,可利用多种有机电子供体作为燃料,能量转化率高等优点.本文分析了铁还原菌还原电极和还原Fe(III)氧化物机制的相似性,对近年来基于各种铁还原菌的MFC研究进展进行分述和总结,提出了铁还原菌MFC的发展趋势和研究方向.     

三维电极微生物燃料电池处理生活污水同步产电性能

为促进微生物燃料电池(MFC)推广应用于实际,构建以填充碳毡构成的三维结构为电极的单室微生物燃料电池,用于处理生活污水同步产电.对比分析序批运行和连续运行方式对生活污水的处理效果以及MFC的产电性能.在序批实验中,5 d内化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)去除率分别达到91.1%和98.2%,处理结果符合城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准;当MFC外接51Ω电阻时最大功率密度为27.88 m W/m~3.在连续实验中,污水以稳定流速(0.2 m L/min)自反应器底部注入,形成上流式连续运行模式,其水力停留时间(HRT)为5 d,此时出水中COD保持稳定,去除率变化范围为83.2%-97.4%,NH_4~+-N浓度逐渐降低保持在9.45 mg/L以下,反应器对污水中NH_4~+-N的去除效果较好,自第11天后出水中有NO_3~--N积累,导致总氮去除率较低.连续运行方式下MFC最大功率密度为582.5 m W/m~3,约是序批方式的21倍;平稳期平均输出电压为0.087 7 V,是序批运行时的2.9倍.结果表明在连续运行方式下,由于有机物得到补充,微生物可不断利用有机物用于产电,所以连续运行方式时MFC的产电性能更好,可以改善序批方式下输出电压较低的现象.最后基于16S rRNA高通量测序分析电极上微生物群落,发现主导微生物属于Thauera sp.、Saprospiraceae-UN sp.、OPB56-UN sp.,Thauera sp.是一类能以电极为电子供体而还原NO3--N的脱氮微生物.因此可通过富集此类脱氮菌来降低连续运行方式下出水NO3--N浓度,这为改善污水处理效果提供了一种新方法.     

MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极对沉积型微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的影响

考察了MnO2-石墨烯(r-GO)修饰阴极对沉积型微生物燃料电池(SMFC)的产电性能和体系有机质去除率的影响.实验结果表明,采用MnO2和r-GO对SMFC阴极进行复合修饰,运行稳定后,MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极体系与空白阴极体系相比,最高产电电压从65.2 mV增大到325.7 mV;最大功率密度由0.28 mW.m-2增大到17.4 mW.m-2,并且体系的内阻由1157Ω显著降低到159Ω;空白阴极体系和MnO2-r-GO修饰阴极体系的COD去除率和氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率分别由25.8%和27.3%增大到37.0%和32.7%.     

还原性硫化物微生物燃料电池偶联偶氮染料降解

以处理实际废水中的还原性硫化物以及染料废水中的偶氮染料为目的,构建了一个双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),阳极室接种硫氧化菌,阴极室以甲基橙(MO)作为电子受体,同时进行还原性硫化物生物氧化偶联偶氮染料降解.阳极接入硫氧化菌的MFC在外电阻为1 000Ω,甲基橙溶液浓度为50 mg L-1时,以4 d为一个反应周期,通过采集电池电压(V)、光谱扫描和循环伏安(CV)扫描来考察实验MFC的效率以及扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)来观察阳极生物膜.结果表明,阳极接种MFC的内阻为400Ω,最大电流密度和最大功率密度可分别达到656.25 mA m-2和120.76 mW m-2,而阳极未接种的空白MFC仅能达到259.38 mA m-2和34.81mW m-2.一个周期结束时,还原性硫化物完全被氧化,偶氮染料颜色由红色变为透明.SEM显示阳极碳毡上细菌的形态为杆状.综合以上结果,可说明可以通过MFC将还原性硫化物氧化并将偶氮染料进行降解.     

城市黑臭河涌底泥-微生物燃料电池产电性能及对底泥的修复

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种将化学能转化为电能的技术。它可以利用包括河涌与海底的沉积物在内的众多基质来产生电能。在利用微生物燃料电池对沉积物进行修复时,通常采用将阳极埋在水底沉积物中,阴极悬于上覆水中的方式来构建电池。由于上覆水的存在,底泥中的污染物质不仅会被电池修复,也会向上覆水释放,影响底泥和上覆水的整体修复情况。以广州某黑臭河涌底泥为阳极微生物接种源及阳极基质,50 m M·L-1铁氰化钾缓冲溶液为阴极室溶液构建了双室有膜型微生物燃料电池,排除上覆水对微生物燃料电池修复底泥的影响,研究在不同的外接电阻下,MFC的产电性能以及MFC对底泥的修复效果。结果表明:以黑臭河涌底泥为阳极底物能够保持MFC较长时间产电运行(650 h)。构建的电池内阻分别为:1 341.6、1 339.2、1 330.2、1 386.7和1 311.7Ω。外阻能够对MFC的产电和功率密度输出产生影响:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,MFC获得的稳定输出电压最高为0.753 V,最大输出功率为4.94 m W·m-2。在运行中,微生物燃料电池对底泥进行了修复:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,有机质去除效果最佳,去除率为7.834%;全磷在外阻100Ω达到29.98%的最高去除率;铵态氮在外阻100Ω处达到41.64%的最高去除率;在硝态氮最高去除率则在外接1000Ω时,为71.52%。这说明了外阻能够影响电池对底泥的修复效果。     

Using crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane as a separator in the microbial fuel cell

Separator between anode and cathode is an essential part of the microbial fuel cell （MFC） and its property could significantly influence the system perfor- mance. In this study we used polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） polymer membrane crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid （SSA） as a new separator for the MFC. The highest power density of 7594-4 mW-m-2 was obtained when MFC using the PVA membrane crosslinked with 15% of SSA due to its desirable proton conductivity （5.16 x 10-2 S.cml）. The power density significantly increased to 11064- 30 mW.m-2 with a separator-electrode-assembly config- uration, which was comparable with glass fiber （11704- 46 mW.m-2）. The coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs with crosslinked PVA membranes ranged from 36.3% to 45.7% at a fix external resistance of lO00f2. The crosslinked PVA membrane could be a promising alter- native to separator materials for constructing practical MFC system.     

DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating as an efficient diffusion material for cathode in the microbial fuel cell

In this study, DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating was proposed for the cathode diffusion layer of the microbial fuel cell (MFC). In MFCs, stainless steel mesh cathodes using DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon as the diffusion layer and two poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers and carbon cloth cathode with four poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers were constructed for comparison. Under the same operational condition, the MFCs with the DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating/carbon diffusion layer produced the maximum power density of 1585±52 mW·m^-2, compared with those using poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) diffusion layers (1421±45 mW·m^-2) and poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/carbon diffusion layers (1353±49 mW·m^-2). The DOW CORNING 1-2577 Conformal Coating could be an alternative for the diffusion layer construction in the MFC due to its remarkable performance and much simple construction procedure.     

Microbial fuel cell with high content solid wastes as substrates: a review

With the increasing concern about the serious global energy crisis and high energy consumption during high content solid wastes (HCSWs) treatment, microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been recognized as a promising resource utilization approach for HCSW stabilization with simultaneous electrical energy recovery. In contrast to the conventional HCSW stabilization processes, MFC has its unique advantages such as direct bio-energy conversion in a single step and mild reaction conditions (viz., ambient temperature, normal pressure, and neutral pH). This review mainly introduces some important aspects of electricity generation from HCSWand its stabilization in MFC, focusing on: (1) MFCs with different fundamentals and configurations designed and constructed to produce electricity from HCSW; (2) performance of wastes degradation and electricity generation; (3) prospect and deficiency posed by MFCs with HCSWas substrates. To date, the major drawback of MFCs fueled by HCSW is the lower power output than those using simple substrates. HCSW hydrolysis and decomposition would be a major tool to improve the performance of MFCs. The optimization of parameters is needed to push the progress of MFCs with HCSW as fuel.

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Reutilize tire in microbial fuel cell for enhancing the nitrogen removal of the anammox process coupled with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

• MFC promoted the nitrogen removal of anammox with Fe-C micro-electrolysis. • Reutilize pyrolysis waste tire as micro-electrolysis and electrode materials. • Total nitrogen removal efficiency of modified MFC increased to 85.00%. • Candidatus kuenenia and SM1A02 were major genera responsible for nitrogen removal. In this study, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were explored to promote the nitrogen removal performance of combined anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and Fe-C micro-electrolysis (CAE) systems. The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of the modified MFC system was 85.00%, while that of the anammox system was 62.16%. Additionally, the effective operation time of this system increased from six (CAE system alone) to over 50 days, significantly promoting TN removal. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the electron transferred from the anode to the cathode, which aided in reducing nitrate/nitrite in denitrification. The H⁺ released through the proton exchange membrane caused a decrease in the pH, facilitating Fe corrosion. The pyrolyzed waste tire used as the cathode could immobilize microorganisms, enhance electron transport, and produce a natural Fe-C micro-electrolysis system. According to the microbial community analysis, Candidatus kuenenia was the major genus involved in the anammox process. Furthermore, the SM1A02 genus exhibited the highest abundance and was enriched the fastest, and could be a novel potential strain that aids the anammox process.     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

Electrocatalytic biofilm reactor for effective and energy-efficient azo dye degradation: the synergistic effect of MnOx/Ti flow-through anode and biofilm on the cathode

● MnO _x /Ti flow-through anode was coupled with the biofilm-attached cathode in ECBR. ● ECBR was able to enhance the azo dye removal and reduce the energy consumption. ● Mn^IV=O generated on the electrified MnO _x /Ti anode catalyzed the azo dye oxidation. ● Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria on the cathode degraded azo dye intermediate products. ● Biodegradation of intermediate products was stimulated under the electric field. Dyeing wastewater treatment remains a challenge. Although effective, the in-series process using electrochemical oxidation as the pre- or post-treatment of biodegradation is long. This study proposes a compact dual-chamber electrocatalytic biofilm reactor (ECBR) to complete azo dye decolorization and mineralization in a single unit via anodic oxidation on a MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode followed by cathodic biodegradation on carbon felts. Compared with the electrocatalytic reactor with a stainless-steel cathode (ECR-SS) and the biofilm reactor (BR), the ECBR increased the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency by 24 % and 31 % (600 mg/L Acid Orange 7 as the feed, current of 6 mA), respectively. The COD removal efficiency of the ECBR was even higher than the sum of those of ECR-SS and BR. The ECBR also reduced the energy consumption (3.07 kWh/kg COD) by approximately half compared with ECR-SS. The advantages of the ECBR in azo dye removal were attributed to the synergistic effect of the MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode and cathodic biofilms. Catalyzed by Mn^IV=O generated on the MnO_x/Ti anode under a low applied current, azo dyes were oxidized and decolored. The intermediate products with improved biodegradability were further mineralized by the cathodic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (non-electrochemically active) under the stimulation of the applied current. Taking advantage of the mutual interactions among the electricity, anode, and bacteria, this study provides a novel and compact process for the effective and energy-efficient treatment of azo dye wastewater.     

Algal biomass derived biochar anode for efficient extracellular electron uptake from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella oneidensis</Emphasis> MR-1

The development of cost-effective and highly efficient anode materials for extracellular electron uptake is important to improve the electricity generation of bioelectrochemical systems. An effective approach to mitigate harmful algal bloom (HAB) is mechanical harvesting of algal biomass, thus subsequent processing for the collected algal biomass is desired. In this study, a low-cost biochar derived from algal biomass via pyrolysis was utilized as an anode material for efficient electron uptake. Electrochemical properties of the algal biochar and graphite plate electrodes were characterized in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). Compared with graphite plate electrode, the algal biochar electrode could effectively utilize both indirect and direct electron transfer pathways for current production, and showed stronger electrochemical response and better adsorption of redox mediators. The maximum current density of algal biochar anode was about 4.1 times higher than graphite plate anode in BES. This work provides an application potential for collected HAB to develop a cost-effective anode material for efficient extracellular electron uptake in BES and to achieve waste resource utilization.

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Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate- containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO3--N and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m^-2·h^-1 for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.