三氯杀螨醇生产过程中的DDT环境排放研究

三氯杀螨醇生产工艺流程主要包括缩合、碱解、氯化和水解等步骤。对工作场所中空气样品、生产过程排放的废酸及废水样品进行采集和分析。工作场所空气中DDT总质量浓度均值为6.69×10-3mg/m3。其中,碱解反应工序中质量浓度水平较低,为1.10×10-3mg/m3;包装车间质量浓度水平较高,为16.72×10-3mg/m3。所有空气样品中p,p’-DDE均是主要贡献物质,占DDT杂质总量的80.2%;p,p’-DDT的质量浓度范围为0.053×10-3~1.66×10-3mg/m3,平均为0.49×10-3mg/m3,低于国家标准限值。缩合废酸与水解废酸中DDT杂质总质量比分别为4.84μg/kg和334.83μg/kg;碱解废水与水解废水中的DDT杂质总质量比分别为456.48μg/kg和75.65μg/kg。废水及废酸样品中各种DDT杂质的质量比水平存在差异;生产工艺阶段不同,杂质组成也各具特点。水解废酸的p,p’-DDT的质量比最高,为146.82μg/kg;缩合废酸与水解废水处质量比水平较低,分别为0.33μg/kg和1.41μg/kg。该企业随废水及废酸排放的DDT杂质总量为1234.08 g/a,其中随碱解废水的排放量高达912.95 g/a。p,p’-DDT的年排放总量为163.37 g/a,随碱解废水和水解废酸的排放量分别为86.98 g/a和73.41 g/a。     

亚临界丙烷萃取条件对人参提取物中有机氯农药残留脱除的影响

以人参提取物为原料,利用亚临界丙烷萃取技术脱除其中的有机氯农药残留,研究了一定范围内的萃取压力(4～12 Mpa)、萃取温度(50～80 ℃)、萃取时间(60～180 min)和溶剂流量(1 96～3 92 kg/h)对亚临界丙烷萃取脱除人参提取物中农药残留的影响.由正交实验确定了最佳萃取条件: 萃取压力8 Mpa,萃取温度65 ℃,萃取时间120 min,溶剂流量2.94 kg/h.在此条件下,γ-BHC、op-DDT残留的脱除率接近100%,TCNB、pp-DDT脱除率大于60%,人参皂甙损失小于6.53%.     

青狮潭库区水体中有机氯农药分布及其健康风险评价

采用固相萃取-气相色谱/电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC/ECD)对青狮潭库区水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)的组成、分布特征及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)分别占所检出15种OCPs总量的28.93%~79.88%和2.66%~54.62%,特征组分比例表明HCHs和DDTs均源自历史残留。研究区域水体中OCPs质量浓度大小呈现为池塘西湖溪流东湖。青狮潭库区20个采样点水体中OCPs健康风险值为6.50×10-9~4.05×10-7a-1,远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值,表明该区域水体中OCPs对人体健康风险处于较低水平。     

六叉河农业小流域多水塘沉积物中HCHs的历史分布和残留

采集六叉河流域多水塘沉积物,利用沉积物年代学方法,建立未受扰动水塘沉积物年代序列,分析有机氯农药HCHs在江淮地区典型农业流域多水塘沉积物中的残留特征和降解过程,评估农药残留的生态风险.结果表明,过去几十年的农业集约化中农药的投入,是导致农药残留主要因素.HCH的历史投入量约为18400kg,多水塘沉积物中残留的HCH为0.177 kg,HcH残留量已经不再显著.对于HCHs4种异构体,a-HCH在所有样品中均未检出;β-HCH与γ-HCH的检出率为6.98％,β-HCH最高残留质量比为7.88ng/g,γ-HCH为9.51 ng/g;δ-HCH检出率为3.49％,最高残留质量比为5.07ng/g.表明流域水塘沉积物中累积的HCHs在过去几十年基本已经被降解,流域存在较低的HCHs残留风险.在空间分布上看,不同类型的水塘由于其下垫面土地利用类型差别,其沉积物中HCH残留存在明显差异,γ-HCH(林丹)仅在河塘中被检出(检出率为20.7％),表层沉积物质量比9.51 ng/g.研究表明,六叉河流域的HCH已经基本全都降解,不存在HCH农药残留风险,但流域尺度上可能存在新的HCH输入来源.     

水稻、土壤和田水中氟啶脲残留检测与消解动态研究

为了解氟啶脲在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态及其残留状况,建立了氟啶脲在水稻、土壤和田水中的液相色谱检测方法,并在天津、浙江杭州和广西南宁开展了两年氟啶脲在水稻和土壤中消解动态规律和残留状况田间试验.结果表明,采用乙腈提取水稻稻米、稻壳和茎叶样品,丙酮提取土壤和田水样品,液相色谱仪带紫外检测器测定,外标法定量,在0.03～1 mg·kg-1添加水平范围内,水稻、土壤和田水中氟啶脲的平均添加回收率为84.94%～98.73%,变异系数为2.84%～9.44%;水稻、土壤和田水中氟啶脲的最小检出量为5.6×10-11 g,最低检出质量比为:茎叶0.01 mg·kg-1,稻壳0.01 mg·kg-1,稻米和土壤0.005 mg·kg-1,田水0.003 mg·kg-1.田间试验表明,氟啶脲在水稻、土壤和田水中残留消解动态规律符合方程Ct=C0e-kt;氟啶脲·三唑磷31%乳油在水稻茎叶、土壤和田水中的消解半衰期分别为6.27～7.83 d、5.28～7.36 d和6.01～7.06 d.最终残留试验结果表明,在水稻上手动喷雾施药氟啶脲·三唑磷31%乳油,按推荐剂量325.5 ga.i.·hm-2和1.5倍推荐剂量488.25 ga.i.·hm-2施药,兑水喷雾处理1～2次,两次施药间隔为7 d,距最后一次施药采收间隔期为35 d时,氟啶脲在水稻稻米和土壤中的残留量分别为ND～0.028 0 mg·kg-1和ND～0.014 8 mg·kg-1.参照日本"肯定列表制度"规定氟啶脲在稻米中的最大允许残留限量MRL值为0.05 mg·kg-1,按照1.5倍推荐剂量在水稻上施药1～2次,其有效成分之一氟啶脲在水稻稻米中残留是安全的.     

沘江两岸耕地土壤重金属径流迁移模拟研究

为研究重金属污染土壤在暴雨径流条件下是否存在水环境风险,对亚洲最大铅锌矿所在地,即沘江两岸耕地土壤中重金属元素As、Zn、Cd、Pb累积状况进行系统调查,并选择上游、中游、下游污染程度不同的3个代表性供试土壤,通过人工模拟降雨方法,研究不同坡度(5°、15°和25°)和不同降雨强度(30 mm/h和60 mm/h)下沘江流域耕地土壤中重金属元素As、Zn、Cd、Pb随地表径流迁移流失的环境风险.结果表明:1)沘江两岸耕地土壤重金属累积存在不同程度的污染,流域内中风险组As、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量超标率分别为7.69％～85.71％、7.69％～100％、23.08％～46.67％和38.46％～60％,高风险组Pb和Cd的含量超标率分别为53.33％～71.43％和40％～100％,流域不同位置耕地土壤中重金属As、Zn、Cd、Pb平均累积量从大到小表现为上游、中游、下游;2)模拟研究结果显示,沘江流域耕地土壤的地表径流水中出现不同程度重金属污染,上游耕地土壤的径流中As、Zn、Cd、Pb均被检出,中游耕地土壤的径流中Zn、Cd、Pb被检出,下游耕地土壤的径流中只有Cd被检出,其中Cd和Pb质量浓度在地表水Ⅳ-劣V类之间波动,径流中As和Zn质量浓度均未超过I类水质标准;3)地表径流水中As、Zn、Cd、Pb的质量浓度和迁移量都随着坡度和降雨强度的增加而增大.沘江两岸耕地土壤中存在重金属污染,土壤污染程度、降雨强度和坡度都可能对研究区域耕地土壤重金属径流迁移造成影响.     

环糊精的结构特性及其在环保领域的研究现状

<正>环糊精的基本概念环糊精是环糊精转葡萄糖基酶作用于淀粉的产物,由6个以上的葡萄糖以α-1,4-糖苷键连结的环状低聚糖,其中研究最多和较为常见的是α-环糊精(α-cyclodextrin,简称α-CD)、β-环糊精(β-cyclodextrin,简称β-CD)、γ-环糊精(γ-cyclodextrin,简称γ-CD),分别由6个、7个和8个葡萄糖单元构成,是相对大和相对柔性的分子。环糊精与淀粉的区别是     

一体化固相萃取-GC／ECD测定水中有机氯农药

建立了采用一体化固相萃取提取和净化、GC－MS／GC－ECD联合定性定量同时检测水中14种有机氯农药的方法,优化了固相萃取和色谱条件。样品于一体化固相萃取仪上以10 mL／min流速经C18柱富集、6 mL体积比为1∶1的二氯甲烷／乙酸乙酯混合溶剂洗脱、氮吹浓缩后,GC－MS／GC－ECD分离检测。结果表明,14种OCPs在1．00～500μg／L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1．76～15．10ng／L,平均加标回收率为69．6％～102．8％,RSD为1．62％～18．9％。实际样品分析表明该方法灵敏度和精密度高、准确性好、操作简便,适用于大批量水样中微量和痕量OCPs的测定。     

地膜残留累积对土壤微生物的影响

本研究以不同地膜残留累积处理土壤为材料,采用盆栽模拟试验,分析了无地膜残留,地膜残留累积5,10,15,20年土壤中微生物群的变化趋势。为进一步探讨微生物种群产生变化的原因,同时监测了土壤水分、孔隙度、有机质等理化性质,并通过对所种植作物的根系发育状况进行跟踪监测,深入探讨残膜-土壤微生物-植物根系三者间的关系。     

哈尔滨核辐射现状评价

为了对哈尔滨核辐射环境质量作出评价,从2001年起连续监测5 a,每年对哈尔滨市进行4次γ辐射空气吸收剂量率监测,对3个空气监测点的空气、6个地表水体监测点的地表水体、4个土壤监测点的土壤进行监测,并对市区核辐射监测结果进行分析.结果表明,哈尔滨市γ辐射空气吸收剂量率、土壤和水体中放射性核素浓度保持在1989年全国本地调查水平涨落范围之内,空气中氡浓度与往年无显著变化,哈尔滨市核辐射环境状况总体良好.     

Evaluation of Maryland's state police impaired driving reduction effort (SPIDRE)

Objective: Alcohol-impaired driving is a significant factor in fatal and serious injury-producing crashes in the United States and many other countries. In 2013, the State of Maryland implemented an anti-driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement program, called the State Police Impaired Driving Reduction Effort (SPIDRE). This enforcement effort consisted of a select team of 7 police officers from the Maryland State Police who engaged in high-intensity driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine the impact of the SPIDRE program on impaired-driving crashes, DUI arrests, DUI adjudicative outcomes, and public perceptions of DUI enforcement.

Methods: Data from alcohol-related crashes, arrests, and adjudicative outcomes of those arrests were used, along with data obtained from public opinion and bar patron surveys, to compare counties where the SPIDRE program operated and non-SPIDRE counties where it did not. The evaluation period extended from 2010 to 2016 in monthly intervals. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methods were used for the data analyses of crashes and arrests.

Results: There was no significant reduction in alcohol-related crashes as reported by the police associated with the SPIDRE program. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in the ratio of single-vehicle nighttime to multiple-vehicle daytime crashes in the SPIDRE counties but not in any other counties, suggesting a positive effect using this surrogate measure of impaired-driving crashes. The specific comparison counties as well as the other non-SPIDRE counties in Maryland experienced a statistically significant decrease in DUI arrests during the evaluation period, whereas the SPIDRE counties did not show such a decrease. Further, the arrests made by the SPIDRE team resulted in a significantly higher rate of positive adjudicative outcomes than arrests made by non-SPIDRE officers in those counties where the SPIDRE team operated. There was no evidence that the public was more aware of DUI enforcement efforts in the SPIDRE counties than in the non-SPIDRE counties.

Conclusions: The SPIDRE program appeared able to prevent a downward trend in DUI arrests, experienced by the rest of the state, and achieved higher quality arrests resulting in more positive adjudicative outcomes. The way in which the SPIDRE team was deployed may have lacked sufficient duration and intensity (e.g., only 2–3 months of activity in any given county) to achieve a reduction in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes as reported by the police. It is recommended that the SPIDRE team increase its enforcement activities for at least 9–12 consecutive months in the county where they are employed.     

A data-driven allocation tool for in-kind resources distributed by a state health department

Objective: The objective of this study was to leverage a state health department's operational data to allocate in-kind resources (children's car seats) to counties, with the proposition that need-based allocation could ultimately improve public health outcomes.

Methods: This study used a retrospective analysis of administrative data on car seats distributed to counties statewide by the Georgia Department of Public Health and development of a need-based allocation tool (presented as interactive supplemental digital content, adaptable to other types of in-kind public health resources) that relies on current county-level injury and sociodemographic data.

Results: Car seat allocation using public health data and a need-based formula resulted in substantially different recommended allocations to individual counties compared to historic distribution.

Conclusions: Results indicate that making an in-kind public health resource like car seats universally available results in a less equitable distribution of that resource compared to deliberate allocation according to public health need. Public health agencies can use local data to allocate in-kind resources consistent with health objectives; that is, in a manner offering the greatest potential health impact. Future analysis can determine whether the change to a more equitable allocation of resources is also more efficient, resulting in measurably improved public health outcomes.     

Low-manpower checkpoints: can they provide effective DUI enforcement in small communities?

OBJECTIVE: Sobriety checkpoints can be effective in reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Checkpoints are underutilized, however, partially because police believe a large number of officers are required. This study evaluated the feasibility and impact of conducting small-scale checkpoints in rural communities. METHODS: Law enforcement agencies in two counties agreed to conduct weekly checkpoints for one year. Two nonadjacent counties did not undertake additional checkpoints. Evaluation included public-awareness surveys and roadside surveys (including blood alcohol concentration [BAC] measurements) of weekend nighttime drivers. RESULTS: Relative to drivers in the comparison counties, the proportion of drivers in the experimental counties with BACs >0.05% was 70% lower. Drivers surveyed at driver's license offices in the experimental counties after program implementation were more likely to report seeing or passing through a checkpoint and were more aware of publicity on driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement. CONCLUSIONS: Small rural communities can safely and effectively conduct low-staff sobriety checkpoints on a weekly basis. Such programs can be expected to result in large reductions in drivers operating at higher BACs.     

Combustion products toxicity risk assessment in an offshore installation

Products of a hydrocarbon fire accident have both chronic and acute health effects. They cause respiratory issues to lung cancer. While fire is the most frequent phenomenon among the offshore accidents, predicting the contaminants’ concentration and their behavior are key issues. Safety measures design, such as ventilation and emergency routes based only on predicted contaminants’ concentration seems not to be the best approach. In a combustion process, various harmful substances are produced and their concentration cannot be added. The time duration that any individual spends in different locations of an offshore installation also varies significantly. A risk-based approach considers the duration a person is exposed to contaminants at various locations and also evaluates the hazardous impacts. A risk-based approach has also an additivity characteristic which helps to assess overall risk.Through the current study, an approach is proposed to be used for risk assessment of combustion products dispersion phenomenon in a confined or semi-confined facility. Considering CO, NO₂ and CH₄ as the contaminants of concern, the dispersion of the substances over the layout of the facility after a LNG fire is modeled. Considering different exposure times for three major parts of the facility including the processing area, office area and the accommodation module, the risk contours of CO, NO₂ and CH₄ over the entire facility are developed. The additivity characteristic of the risk-based approach was used to calculate the overall risk. The proposed approach helps to better design safety measures to minimize the impacts and effective emergency evacuation planning.     

磁场强化铁碳微电解降解甲基橙的研究

铁碳微电解技术因其操作简单、生态环保和经济高效等优势,常被用于印染废水的治理研究,但该技术存在COD去除率低和适用p H范围窄的问题。为了克服以上问题,引入磁场强化技术。通过批试验,系统考察了初始p H、初始甲基橙浓度、转速和温度等对磁场强化铁碳微电解去除甲基橙过程的影响。研究结果表明:磁场能够显著提升铁碳微电解去除甲基橙和COD的效率,且拓宽了p H的适用范围。结合SEM、XRD和电化学技术表征,阐明了磁场强化铁碳微电解去除甲基橙的机理是磁场能够加速铁碳微电解的腐蚀,产生大量二价铁,从而强化还原去除甲基橙。本研究提出了一种新的强化铁碳微电解高效去除污染物方法。     

宁波市浙贝母主产地土壤重金属形态分析及污染评价

为了解宁波浙贝母种植地土壤重金属分布特征,采用ICPAES测定了章水镇种质资源圃土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn质量比,用Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的生态风险,BCR连续提取法分析其分布形态。结果表明,土壤中重金属元素总量从大到小排序为Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd,其中Cd富集程度最高,平均质量比为背景值的8倍左右,超过国家二级土壤标准。Eir指数表明,Cd的潜在风险指数也最高,75%区域处于很高或高潜在生态风险;RI指数表明,90%区域处于高潜在生态风险或中潜在生态风险。土壤中重金属均以残渣态为主,但Zn的弱酸提取态、Cu的可氧化态比例相对较高,Cd的3种可提取态相加接近45%,具有高潜在危害性。相关性分析表明,Cu和Zn、Cr和Ni,以及Cu和Cd重金属的来源具有相似性,且不同形态重金属之间可能会发生迁移转化。p H值与各种重金属的形态之间不存在明显的相关关系,有机质对重金属化学形态的影响因重金属种类不同而有差异。     

超细粒级浸出渣充填配比试验研究

为了探究超细粒级浸出渣与分级尾砂混合作为充填骨料的充填体强度能否达到凡口铅锌矿井下充填的要求,开展了浸出渣与分级尾砂的充填配比试验。通过充填配比试验,分析不同配比和质量分数的充填料浆的流动性和充填体强度特性。结果表明:质量分数对充填体强度的影响较大;灰砂比、质量分数越大,充填体的强度越高;在一定范围内,增加浸出渣的用量可提高充填体的强度;扩散度可以很好地反映充填料浆的流动性,充填料浆的流动性随质量分数增加而减小,当质量分数较高时增加水泥用量可提高充填料浆的流动性,增加浸出渣含量会导致充填料浆的流动性降低。根据凡口铅锌矿充填技术要求及室内充填配比试验结果,得出不同部位的最佳充填配比:矿房采场的最佳灰砂比、浸出渣与分级尾砂之比、质量分数分别为1∶6、1∶5、71%,间柱采场为1∶6、1∶6、69%,首层和浇面为1∶3、1∶6、71%。     

矿用润湿型压裂液的制备与性能分析*

为有效减少煤矿开采时粉尘的生成量,降低综采区粉尘含量。基于自由基聚合和季铵化反应制备1种润湿型压裂液。通过单因素实验,确定最优配比是200 mL水,5 g油酸,0.3 g过硫酸钾,3 g N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,2 mL环氧氯丙烷,2 g氯化钾和2 g水杨酸钠。对压裂液的反应过程、微观结构、剪切黏度、剪切稳定性、滤失性、润湿型性和清洁性进行研究。研究结果表明:该压裂液具有较高的剪切黏度和较佳的剪切稳定性,有利于注入煤层;具有较低的滤失性,便于压裂造缝;具有良好的润湿能力,能够有效地渗透到煤层中去;具有残渣含量少等特点,清洁性良好。