不同温度层结城市街区内气流与污染物扩散的数值模拟研究

采用3-D计算流体力学(CFD)技术模拟不同温度层结下城市街区内气流与污染物扩散规律,并与Uehara K等人风洞试验结果进行对比分析,应用Pontiggia M.等人基于Monin-Obukhov (M-O)理论添加外部源相方法对RNG k-ε模型k方程与ε方程进行修正,建立数值风洞模拟技术,结果表明,不同温度层结下,街区中下部速度非常低,为来流的1.5%左右,街区内部均形成一个稳定的涡,涡的强度受温度层结影响较明显,稳定层结下,街区内涡流较弱,不同温度层结下k/U2700最大值均出现在街区建筑物迎风角附近,较高归一化k/U2700出现在不稳定层结下。不同温度层结下街区内背风侧墙上污染物的浓度均大于与迎风侧墙浓度,较高归一化污染物浓度均出现在污染源的上风向。由于稳定层结抑制了垂直方向上气流的运动,近地面稳定层结归一化浓度值最大,而不稳定层结归一化浓度值最小。总之,温度层结对街区内流场结构与污染物扩散能力影响较为显著,不同温度层结下,由于街区内部与环境大气温度存在温度差,影响了街区内流场结构与湍流特征,从而影响了街区内污染物的扩散特征。     

线源扩散公式的实验应用及检验

本文采用不同的线源模式，对新建城区公路近，远期汽车排放污染物进行预测，并与实测验证，结果表明、采用汽车污染物扩散模式，预测新建公路对城区大气环境质量影响是可行的，预测结果与实验结构相吻合。     

瓦里关山TSP浓度分布特征及与大气污染物排放的关系

本文利用瓦里关山2003—2004年监测的TSP浓度资料，分析其浓度值的时间分布特征，讨论了浓度值分布与风场的相关关系；分析瓦里关山周围大气污染物中烟尘、粉尘排放情况，对大气污染物中烟尘粉尘排放对瓦里关山TSP浓度值的影响程度进行了探讨，得到了关于高原相对清洁区TSP分布的一些有意义的研究结果。     

应用CALINE4模式估算机动车排放污染物的浓度——以济南市主干道为例

随着经济的快速发展,机动车排气污染已成为我国城市空气污染的重要来源,而且在一定时段,机动车排气污染已成为空气污染最主要的污染源之一。以济南市经十路为例,采用实地调查的方法,得出各时段的车流量,选用大气环评助手EIAA中的CALINE4模式对机动车尾气中的主要污染物CO、NOx、THC的排放浓度进行估算,得出3种污染物CO、NOx、THC最大值均出现在7:00—8:00之间,最小值均出现在12:00-13:00之间,排放强度由大到小为:CO、THC、NOx。     

边界层参数化方案对FLEXPART-WRF耦合影响的数值模拟研究——以某核电站为例

核电站发生事故时放射性核素释放到大气中会对周围环境造成污染。为揭示核事故下放射性核素在大气中的扩散规律，将中尺度气象模式WRF与拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART相耦合，以某核电站为例，采用WRF中的3种典型边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYNN2.5、ACM2)对一次台风过程期间的放射性物质扩散进行了虚拟算例模拟，分析了参数化方案对耦合模型FLEXPART-WRF模拟结果的影响。结果表明：3组参数化方案的风场模拟结果均与观测数据吻合较好，浓度和湿沉降扩散结果基本反映了模拟区域的流场和降水特征；扩散速度受不同边界层方案气象模拟结果的影响，ACM2方案的扩散速度最快，分别较MYNN2.5和YSU快3～16h; 3组方案的湿沉降值均先快速增大后趋于稳定，峰值以ACM2最大，MYNN2.5居中，YSU最小，数值相继差约1.0E+6 pg/m²。耦合模型可用于评价核事故下气载放射性核素扩散对环境的影响，进而综合各边界层参数化方案的模拟结果开展防护行动。     

多源大气扩散的计算机模拟

以定常扩散模式为基础,研究得出了一个较合理的多源大气污染物扩散的模拟方法与计算程序,并提出了相对最大浓度与绝对最大浓度的概念,模拟结果表明:风向对复合源扩散影响显著,但目前广泛应用的16个方位风矢资料不尽合理。     

大型浅水湖泊三维水环境数值模拟及关键参数研究

浅水湖泊也存在水动力垂向分层结构及污染物垂向非均匀分布情况,水力结构对水环境变化有重要影响,需要采用更加精细化的数学模型模拟其过程。针对国内外大型浅水湖泊三维水环境数值模拟相关研究及水动力参数取值方案进行了综述,对现有成果进行了总结与分析。指出下一步亟需构建复杂边界条件下的生态动力学模型,探索多条件耦合的富营养化微观响应机制,加强数值模拟精细化及参数规范化研究,为探索浅水湖泊水动力及水环境提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

碳中和目标下的北京城市道路移动源CO2和大气污染物协同减排效应研究

为实现2060年碳中和目标,研究北京城市道路移动源CO_2和大气污染物(CO、NO_x、PM_(2.5))的协同减排效应。本文以2016年为基准年,建立CO_2和大气污染物排放量的LEAP模型,设计三种政策情景,预测到2060年各类污染物排放量,并通过减排效应坐标系分析和减排弹性系数法研究不同措施下CO_2和大气污染物的协同减排效应。结果显示,综合政策情景的减排作用最好,且协同减排效应最显著,但在2060年无法实现碳中和目标;单一措施情景下,严格排放标准措施的协同减排效果有限,但对各污染物的减排协同性最优,推广公共交通减排协同性次之,发展新能源车辆措施具有较好的协同减排效果,但对CO_2—CO和CO_2—PM_(2.5)的减排协同度较差。对此,本文提出应加快推动交通能源结构转型,在新能源车取代燃油类机动车的同时,要不断减少天然气类车型的比例,尽可能实现"电能+新能源汽车"的零排放能源结构;还要加严机动车排放标准限值以加强CO_2和大气污染物的减排协同度;制定相应的机动车CO_2和大气污染物协同排放限值标准目标,构建CO_2与大气污染物排放协同管理体系等建议。     

对复杂地形和低风条件下放射性核素大气扩散模拟对比研究

使用《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ2.2-2008)推荐的大气环境影响预测模式(AERMOD和CALPUFF)对某一复杂地形区域高架烟囟排放的放射性核素进行了大气扩散模拟的对比研究。模拟结果表明:在研究时段内,AERMOD计算出的平均落地浓度最大值高于CALPUFF;计算出的最大小时落地浓度和最大日均落地浓度也均高于CALPUFF计算出的相应值。对复杂地形条件下的高架烟囟释放,AERMOD出现最大小时落地浓度的时刻不一定是风速较低的时刻,而是对应下风向附近有高海拔受体、且风速适中、污染物易通过风的平流输送在高海拔受体处形成撞山高浓度的时刻;CALPUFF出现最大小时落地浓度的时刻一般是排放口和地表风速较低、且大气又极不稳定、垂直方向湍流剧烈的时刻。对复杂地形条件下的放射性核素大气扩散模拟,相对于AERMOD模式,CALPUFF模式可模拟生成更加真实的气象场、采用了烟团扩散模式而更具优势。     

SCR脱硝提效改造流场数值模拟及物模试验研究

某燃煤电厂2×600MW机组脱硝装置运行过程中，出现催化剂磨损严重、氮氧化物(NO_x)排放及氨逃逸量不达标等问题。为了解决这些问题，决定对流场进行优化。首先采用数值模拟方法，分析原方案流场存在的问题，提出合理的优化设计方案，再按照缩小比例进行物模试验验证，最后根据优化方案进行现场改造。优化改造后脱硝运行结果显示：NO_x排放浓度稳定在20—40mg/m³，氨逃逸量为1.2—2.0ppm，脱硝效率为86%—90%，达到了超低排放的要求。     

Analysing the influence of different street vegetation on traffic-induced particle dispersion using microscale simulations

Urban vegetation can be viewed as compensation to the environmental drawbacks of urbanisation. However, its ecosystem function is not well-known and, for urban planning, vegetation is mainly considered as an element of urban design. This article argues that planning practice needs to re-examine the impact of vegetation cover in the urban fabric given our evaluation of vegetation's effects on air quality, including the dispersion of traffic-induced particles at street level. Using the three-dimensional microclimate model ENVI-met?, we evaluate these effects regarding the height-to-width ratio of streets flanked by buildings and the vertical and horizontal density of street vegetation. Our results reveal vegetation's effect on particle dispersion through its influence on street ventilation. In general, vegetation was found to reduce wind speed, causing inhibition of canyon ventilation and, consequently, an increase in particle concentrations. Vegetation was also found to reduce wind speed at crown-height and to disrupt the flow field in close vicinity to the canopy. With increasing height-to-width ratio of street canyons, wind speed reduction increases and the disturbance of the flow impacts across a canyon's entire width. We also found that the effect is more pronounced in configurations with poor ventilation, such as the low wind speed, perpendicular inflow direction, and in deep canyons cases.     

Influence of environmental street characteristics on walking route choice of elderly people

Walking is an important source of outdoor physical activity among elderly people. In order to devise measures aimed at encouraging walking among the elderly it is important to understand how the local environment influences the walking behaviour of elderly people. Here, a model describing the influence of environmental street characteristics on the walking route choice of elderly people is presented. Techniques adapted from the field of transportation research were employed within the model. Data concerning the walking route choice to specific destinations reported by 364 independently living elderly residents (55–80 years) from three Dutch urban districts were collected. Route choice was modelled within a ‘Geographic Information System’ (GIS) database by using ‘resistance factors’ to describe the resistance to walking of street sections (i.e. links) within the street network. These factors were optimized by minimizing the difference between the estimated and the reported number of trips along each link. This is, to the authors' knowledge the first time that this technique has been applied within this context. The influence of link characteristics on link resistance was investigated by multivariate linear regression. The first results of the route choice model and the influence of street characteristics on route choice are reported and discussed.     

WIND DRIVEN RAIN DISTRIBUTIONS AROUND STREET CANOPIES1

ABSTRACT: Wind driven raindrop tracking is used to investigate the microscale redistribution of wind driven rainfalls in street canopies by combining a Eulerian wind flow model and a Lagrangian raindrop tracking model. The former conducts large eddy simulations of the turbulent flows in street canopies, and the latter performs raindrop trajectory calculations by releasing a large number of raindrops into the computational domain. The wind speed model is verified with available wind tunnel measurement. Twenty sets of simulations are carried out for various building configurations and driving rain angles. The simulated results show that the trajectories of smaller raindrops are more slanting and more influenced by the multibuilding perturbed flow field. Impingement of raindrops on the building envelope increases from bottom to top. The height of the front building is a significant factor affecting wind driven rain redistribution. Distinct nonuniform spatial rainfall distributions are found for scenarios with high building configurations and low driving rain angles. The simulated results are further integrated to assess the effect of real raindrop size distributions by weighing the volumetric fraction of a range of drop sizes. There is about 10 percent variation in spatial extent of street canopies. An overall 5 to 17.4 percent increase of the rainfall amount in the upwind zone is observed.     

An Analysis of the Wind Energy Potential of Elazig,Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the wind energy potential of Elazig is statistically analyzed based on hourly measured wind speed data over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002. The probability density distributions are derived from cumulative distribution functions. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distribution on a yearly basis. The wind energy potential of the location is studied based on the Weibull and Rayleigh distributions. It was found that the numerical values of both Weibull parameters (k and c) for Elazig vary over a wide range. The yearly values of k range from 1.653 to 1.878 with an average value of 1.819, while those of c are in the range of 2.757–2.994 m/s with an average value of 2.824 m/s. In addition, yearly mean wind speed and mean power density of Elazig is found as 2.79 m/s and 38.76 W/m², respectively. The wind speed distributions are represented by Weibull distribution and also by Rayleigh distribution, with a special case of the Weibull distribution for k = 2. As a result, the Rayleigh distribution is found to be suitable to represent the actual probability of wind speed data for Elazig.     

A Weibull and finite mixture of the von Mises distribution for wind analysis in Mersing,Malaysia

Studies of wind direction receive less attention than that of wind speed; however, wind direction affects daily activities such as shipping, the use of bridges, and construction. This research aims to study the effect of wind direction on generating wind power. A finite mixture model of the von Mises distribution and Weibull distribution are used in this paper to represent wind direction and wind speed data, respectively, for Mersing (Malaysia). The suitability of the distribution is examined by the R² determination coefficient. The energy analysis, that is, wind power density, only involves the wind speed, but the wind direction is vital in measuring the dominant direction of wind so that the sensor could optimize wind capture. The result reveals that the estimated wind power density is between 18.2 and 25 W/m², and SSW is the most common wind direction for this data.     

Applying the methods of image evaluation and spatial analysis to study the sound environment of urban street areas

One important aspect of the urban environment is its sound environment, in which the sound environment of street areas plays a significant role. In this research, we employed methods of subjective image evaluation and spatial analysis of soundscape formation, in studying the sound environments of urban street areas. In Saga City, Japan, we analysed the structure and main sound components of urban street areas, as well as the sound pressure levels through on-site investigation. Through image evaluation, we obtained people's ratings of each sound component in terms of “preference” and “congruence”. Simultaneously, we interviewed people on site for their evaluation of the sound environment using semantic differential profiles. Lastly, we performed a spatial analysis of the site, identifying the different types of street sound environment and their characteristics using cluster analysis, as well as noting the interaction of auditory image and visual factors. The methods presented by this research can help us understand the sound environment of urban street areas more comprehensively and vividly, and to point out a unique direction in the research of urban sound environment as well as the planning of urban street areas.     

基于Cadna/A软件的城市交通十字路口噪声预测研究

通过分析城市十字路口噪声源的特点,采用Cadna/A噪声模拟软件建立十字路口交通预测模型,对十字路口周边声场分布情况进行了模拟研究,研究发现在选定的十字路口,交通噪声对周边环境影响较大,面向道路一侧昼间最大噪声值为72.9dB(A),夜间最大噪声值为64.5dB(A),背向道路一侧昼间最大噪声值为65.4dB(A),夜间最大噪声值为57.2 dB(A),本次研究的成果对于交通规划、噪声评价都具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Perception of street vendors as ‘out of place’ urban elements at day time and night time

This study attempts to understand the public evaluation towards elements that exist within the temporal dynamics of the cities. In particular the study explores the extent to which street vendors in Jakarta are evaluated as ‘out of place’ elements at day time and night time. The findings suggest that the users' evaluation of street vendors as ‘out of place’ change from day time to night time. The change of users' evaluation also varies across different urban places. In particular the study suggests that the presence of street vendors seems to be less unacceptable (out of place) at night time. Such knowledge regarding the dynamic of ‘out of place’ evaluation becomes important in making the decision about temporary urban elements in the city.     

基于FFTA城市燃气输配系统安全评估探讨

采用故障树分析方法对城市燃气输配系统的故障树模型进行定性和定量失效分析。针对系统的事件发生概率不确定情况,将模糊数学引入到故障树分析方法,给出了输配系统的模糊故障树安全评估方法。计算表明,该方法用于输配系统的安全评估是行之有效的。